Diabetes and Glucose Tolerance as Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease: The Framingham Study
Abstract
This report examines prospectively, in the Framingham cohort, the relation of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance to each of the cardiovascular sequelae, taking into account age, sex, and associated cardiovascular risk factors. The incidence of cardiovascular disease, as well as the levels of cardiovascular risk factors, were found to be higher in diabetic than in nondiabetic men and women. The relative impact of diabetes on coronary heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, or stroke incidence was the same in men and women, but for cardiovascular mortality and cardiac failure the impact is greater for women. Present evidence suggests that alleviation of associated cardiovascular risk factors is the most promising course in reducing cardiovascular sequelae in diabetic patients.
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Diabetic patients are at high risk of cardiovascular events, particularly coronary heart disease by about 3-fold.
“Diabetic patients are at high risk of cardiovascular events, particularly of coronary heart disease by about 3-fold [67,68].”
From Metformin: An Old But Still the Best Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes (2013) · cites this paper as [67]
T2DM is associated with a two-fold higher risk of CAD and ischaemic stroke.
“T2DM is associated with a two-fold higher risk of CAD and ischaemic stroke”
From Type 2 diabetes mellitus and heart failure: A position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology (2018) · cites this paper as [140]
T2DM is associated with a two-to four-fold higher CAD- and stroke-related mortality.
“and a two-to four-fold higher CAD-and stroke-related mortality.139 -141”
From Type 2 diabetes mellitus and heart failure: A position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology (2018) · cites this paper as [140]
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“The cumulative effect of risk factors in diabetic patients was similar to that shown in analyses from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (27) and Framingham ( 28 ) studies, and this heterogeneity of risk in diabetic individuals has long been described in publications focusing on individual risk factors in diabeti…”
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“Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that diabetes is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is associated with a 2–4-fold increased risk of coronary heart disease”
BackgroundMicrovascular complications of diabetes
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“The Framingham study [ 26 ] first reported that women and men with diabetes have virtually equal CHD incidence rates.”
BackgroundSudden Death, Impaired Glucose Tolerance, and Diabetes in Japanese American Men
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“Type 2 diabetes is classically thought of as a metabolic disease, but it is also associated with a 2- to 4-foldincreased risk of cardiovascular disease (7, 15, 36, 37).”
BackgroundImpact of Incident Diabetes and Incident Nonfatal Cardiovascular Disease on 18-Year Mortality
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- Authors
- Kannel, W. B., & McGee, D. L.
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 1979-03-01
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 120-126
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- OpenAlex
- W2059537042
- Cited by
- 1,203
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 50 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 36
- FWCI
- 4.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance, cardiovascular risk, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, stroke, cardiovascular mortality, heart failure, sex differences, cardiovascular risk factors, Framingham cohort
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Aged, Cardiovascular Diseases, Female, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Male, Massachusetts, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Risk, Sex Factors, Diabetes Complications
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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