3. Foundations of Care and Comprehensive Medical Evaluation

American Diabetes Association

doi:10.2337/dc16-s006

Cited by 159Diabetes Management and ResearchDiabetes Management and EducationPrimary Care and Health Outcomes

3. Foundations of Care and Comprehensive Medical Evaluation

American Diabetes Association·2016·Diabetes Care

DOI 10.2337/dc16-s006

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Choosing healthy foods daily is one of the hardest parts of diabetes self-care.
“Making healthy food choices on a daily basis is among the most difficult aspects of diabetes self-care (36).”
From Psychosocial care for people with diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association (2016) · cites this paper as [36]

Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin
(2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa012512 · Cited by 19,011 · see citing works
Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Changes in Lifestyle among Subjects with Impaired Glucose Tolerance
Tuomilehto, J., Lindström, J., Eriksson, J. G., Valle, T. T., Hämäläinen, H., Ilanne-Parikka, P., Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, S., Laakso, M., Louheranta, A., Rastas, M., et al. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200105033441801 · Cited by 10,873 · see citing works
Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth
Janssen, I., & LeBlanc, A. G. (2010) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-7-40 · Cited by 4,829 · see citing works
Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates
Sacks, F. M., Bray, G. A., Carey, V. J., Smith, S. R., Ryan, D. H., Anton, S. D., McManus, K., Champagne, C. M., Bishop, L. M., Laranjo, N., et al. (2009) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0804748 · Cited by 1,966 · see citing works
Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes
Colberg, S. R., Sigal, R. J., Fernhall, B., Regensteiner, J. G., Blissmer, B. J., Rubin, R. R., Chasan-Taber, L., Albright, A. L., & Braun, B. (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-9990 · Cited by 1,955 · see citing works
Testosterone therapy in men with androgen deficiency syndromes: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline
Bhasin, S., Cunningham, G. R., Hayes, F. J., Matsumoto, A. M., Snyder, P. J., Swerdloff, R. S., & Montori, V. M. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2354 · Cited by 1,954 · see citing works
Self-Management Education for Adults With Type 2 Diabetes
Norris, S. L., Lau, J., Smith, S. J., Schmid, C. H., & Engelgau, M. M. (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.7.1159 · Cited by 1,750 · see citing works
Collaborative care for patients with depression and chronic illnesses
Katon, W. J., Lin, E. H. B., Von Korff, M., Ciechanowski, P., Ludman, E. J., Young, B., Peterson, D., Rutter, C. M., McGregor, M., & McCulloch, D. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1003955 · Cited by 1,697 · see citing works
Sitting time and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer
KATZMARZYK, P. T., CHURCH, T. S., CRAIG, C. L., & BOUCHARD, C. (2009) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181930355 · Cited by 1,611 · see citing works
Cognitive decline and dementia in diabetes—systematic overview of prospective observational studies
Cukierman, T., Gerstein, H. C., & Williamson, J. D. (2005) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-005-0023-4 · Cited by 1,049 · see citing works
Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in diabetes: clinical impact, assessment, diagnosis, and management
Spallone, V., Ziegler, D., Freeman, R., Bernardi, L., Frontoni, S., Pop‐Busui, R., Stevens, M., Kempler, P., Hilsted, J., Tesfaye, S., et al. (2011) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.1239 · Cited by 957 · see citing works
Meta-analysis: chronic disease self-management programs for older adults
Chodosh, J., Morton, S. C., Mojica, W., Maglione, M., Suttorp, M. J., Hilton, L., Rhodes, S., & Shekelle, P. (2005) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-143-6-200509200-00007 · Cited by 790 · cited 1× · see citing works
“10 h) and included follow-up support (DSMS) (18,19), were culturally (20,21) and age appropriate (22,23), were tailored to individual needs and preferences, and addressed psychosocial issues and incorporated behavioral strategies (5,14,24,25).”
Background
Group based diabetes self-management education compared to routine treatment for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A systematic review with meta-analysis
Steinsbekk, A., Rygg, L., Lisulo, M., Rise, M. B., & Fretheim, A. (2012) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/1472-6963-12-213 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
When Is Diabetes Distress Clinically Meaningful?
Fisher, L., Hessler, D. M., Polonsky, W. H., & Mullan, J. (2012) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-1572 · Cited by 648 · see citing works
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Among Obese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Foster, G. D., Sanders, M. H., Millman, R., Zammit, G., Borradaile, K. E., Newman, A. B., Wadden, T. A., Kelley, D., Wing, R. R., Pi Sunyer, F. X., et al. (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc08-1776 · Cited by 600 · see citing works
Lifestyle intervention for pre-diabetic neuropathy
Smith, A. G., Russell, J., Feldman, E. L., Goldstein, J., Peltier, A., Smith, S., Hamwi, J., Pollari, D., Bixby, B., Howard, J., et al. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-0224 · Cited by 585 · see citing works
Rosiglitazone-Associated Fractures in Type 2 Diabetes
Kahn, S. E., Zinman, B., Lachin, J. M., Haffner, S. M., Herman, W. H., Holman, R. R., Kravitz, B. G., Yu, D., Heise, M. A., Aftring, R. P., et al. (2008) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc07-2270 · Cited by 537 · see citing works
Development of a brief diabetes distress screening instrument
Fisher, L., Glasgow, R. E., Mullan, J. T., Skaff, M. M., & Polonsky, W. H. (2008) · The Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.842 · Cited by 474 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The screening of all patients with diabetes with the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) and either the Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS) or Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID)-1 scale can help to facilitate this (24,123,124).”
Method
Sodium, Blood Pressure, and Cardiovascular Disease: Further Evidence Supporting the American Heart Association Sodium Reduction Recommendations
Whelton, P. K., Appel, L. J., Sacco, R. L., Anderson, C. A. M., Antman, E. M., Campbell, N., Dunbar, S. B., Frohlich, E. D., Hall, J. E., Jessup, M., et al. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e318279acbf · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Diabetes Control With Reciprocal Peer Support Versus Nurse Care Management: A Randomized Trial
Heisler, M., Vijan, S., Makki, F., & Piette, J. D. (2010) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-153-8-201010190-00007 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Individual patient education for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Duke, S.-A. S., Colagiuri, S., & Colagiuri, R. (2009) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005268.pub2 · Cited by 361 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Both individual and group approaches have been found effective (12,26).”
Background
The relationship between diabetes distress and clinical depression with glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes
Fisher, L., Glasgow, R. E., & Strycker, L. A. (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-2175 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
The association between dietary sodium intake, ESRD, and all-cause mortality in patients with type 1 diabetes
Thomas, M. C., Moran, J., Forsblom, C., Harjutsalo, V., Thorn, L., Ahola, A., Wadén, J., Tolonen, N., Saraheimo, M., Gordin, D., et al. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-1722 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Lifestyle change and mobility in obese adults with type 2 diabetes
Rejeski, W. J., Ip, E. H., Bertoni, A. G., Bray, G. A., Evans, G., Gregg, E. W., & Zhang, Q. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1110294 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Prospective Associations Between Emotional Distress and Poor Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes
Aikens, J. E. (2012) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-0181 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
REDEEM: A pragmatic trial to reduce diabetes distress
Fisher, L., Hessler, D., Glasgow, R. E., Arean, P. A., Masharani, U., Naranjo, D., & Strycker, L. A. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-2493 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Association of diabetes‐related emotional distress with diabetes treatment in primary care patients with Type 2 diabetes
Delahanty, L. M., Grant, R. W., Wittenberg, E., Bosch, J. L., Wexler, D. J., Cagliero, E., & Meigs, J. B. (2007) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02028.x · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Glycaemic control and severe hypoglycaemia following training in flexible, intensive insulin therapy to enable dietary freedom in people with type 1 diabetes: a prospective implementation study
Sämann, A., Mühlhauser, I., Bender, R., Kloos, C., & Müller, U. A. (2005) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-005-1905-1 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Effects of 4 weight-loss diets differing in fat, protein, and carbohydrate on fat mass, lean mass, visceral adipose tissue, and hepatic fat: results from the POUNDS LOST trial
de Souza, R. J., Bray, G. A., Carey, V. J., Hall, K. D., LeBoff, M. S., Loria, C. M., Laranjo, N. M., Sacks, F. M., & Smith, S. R. (2012) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.026328 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Identifying Psychosocial Interventions That Improve Both Physical and Mental Health in Patients With Diabetes
Harkness, E., Macdonald, W., Valderas, J., Coventry, P., Gask, L., & Bower, P. (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-1519 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Comparative Effectiveness of Goal Setting in Diabetes Mellitus Group Clinics: Randomized Clinical Trial
Naik, A. D., Palmer, N., Petersen, N. J., Street, R. L., Rao, R., Suarez-Almazor, M., & Haidet, P. (2011) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.70 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Assessing the value of the diabetes educator
Duncan, I., Ahmed, T., Li, Q. (., Stetson, B., Ruggiero, L., Burton, K., Rosenthal, D., & Fitzner, K. (2011) · The Diabetes Educator · doi:10.1177/0145721711416256 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Structured Type 1 Diabetes Education Delivered Within Routine Care
Cooke, D., Bond, R., Lawton, J., Rankin, D., Heller, S., Clark, M., Speight, J., & for the U.K. NIHR DAFNE Study Group (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-0080 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Facilitating Healthy Coping in Patients With Diabetes: A Systematic Review
Thorpe, C. T., Fahey, L. E., Johnson, H., Deshpande, M., Thorpe, J. M., & Fisher, E. B. (2013) · The Diabetes Educator · doi:10.1177/0145721712464400 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Daily weight-bearing activity does not increase the risk of diabetic foot ulcers
LEMASTER, J. W., REIBER, G. E., SMITH, D. G., HEAGERTY, P. J., & WALLACE, C. (2003) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000074459.41029.75 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Effects of Carbohydrate Counting on Glucose Control and Quality of Life Over 24 Weeks in Adult Patients With Type 1 Diabetes on Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion
Laurenzi, A., Bolla, A. M., Panigoni, G., Doria, V., Uccellatore, A., Peretti, E., Saibene, A., Galimberti, G., Bosi, E., & Scavini, M. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-1490 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
3-Year Follow-up of Clinical and Behavioral Improvements Following a Multifaceted Diabetes Care Intervention
Piatt, G. A., Anderson, R. M., Brooks, M. M., Songer, T., Siminerio, L. M., Korytkowski, M. M., & Zgibor, J. C. (2010) · The Diabetes Educator · doi:10.1177/0145721710361388 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
A systematic review of diabetes self-care interventions for older, African American, or Latino adults
Sarkisian, C. A., Brown, A. F., Norris, K. C., Wintz, R. L., & Managione, C. M. (2003) · The Diabetes Educator · doi:10.1177/014572170302900311 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
INTERACTION BETWEEN CIGARETTE SMOMNG AND DIABETES MELLITUS IN THE PREDICTION OF DEATH ATTRIBUTED TO CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
SUAREZ, L., & BARRETT-CONNOR, E. (1984) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113933 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
A conflict between nutritionally adequate diets and meeting the 2010 dietary guidelines for sodium
Maillot, M., & Drewnowski, A. (2012) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2011.10.009 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Exercise and Diabetes: A Clinician’s Guide to Prescribing Physical Activity
Colberg, S. (2013) · doi:10.2337/9781580404853 · Cited by 53 · cited 2× · see citing works
“However, there is no evidence that vigorous-intensity exercise increases the rate of progression of diabetic kidney disease, and there appears to be no need for specific exercise restrictions for people with diabetic kidney disease (92).”
Background
Age-, race-, and gender-specific prevalence of diabetes among smokers
Jankowich, M., Choudhary, G., Taveira, T. H., & Wu, W.-C. (2011) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2011.05.029 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

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Physical activity/exercise and diabetes: A position statement of the American Diabetes Association
Colberg, S. R., Sigal, R. J., Yardley, J. E., Riddell, M. C., Dunstan, D. W., Dempsey, P. C., Horton, E. S., Castorino, K., & Tate, D. F. (2016) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc16-1728 · Cited by 2,991 · see citing works
Psychosocial care for people with diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association
Young-Hyman, D., de Groot, M., Hill-Briggs, F., Gonzalez, J. S., Hood, K., & Peyrot, M. (2016) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc16-2053 · Cited by 1,072 · see citing works
Insulin Resistance and Atherosclerosis: Implications for Insulin-Sensitizing Agents
Di Pino, A., & DeFronzo, R. A. (2019) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2018-00141 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
A network meta-analysis on the comparative efficacy of different dietary approaches on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Schwingshackl, L., Chaimani, A., Hoffmann, G., Schwedhelm, C., & Boeing, H. (2018) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-017-0352-x · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Diabetes self-management education reduces risk of all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetes patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis
He, X., Li, J., Wang, B., Yao, Q., Li, L., Song, R., Shi, X., & Zhang, J.-A. (2017) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-016-1168-2 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Relevance of the glycemic index and glycemic load for body weight, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease
Vega-López, S., Venn, B. J., & Slavin, J. L. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10101361 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Weight management in patients with type 1 diabetes and obesity
Mottalib, A., Kasetty, M., Mar, J. Y., Elseaidy, T., Ashrafzadeh, S., & Hamdy, O. (2017) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-017-0918-8 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Nutritional modulation of endogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion: a review
Bodnaruc, A. M., Prud’homme, D., Blanchet, R., & Giroux, I. (2016) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/s12986-016-0153-3 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
eHealth technologies to support nutrition and physical activity behaviors in diabetes self-management
Rollo, M. E., Aguiar, E. J., Williams, R. L., Wynne, K., Kriss, M., Callister, R., & Collins, C. E. (2016) · Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy · doi:10.2147/dmso.s95247 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
May the force be with you: Why resistance training is essential for subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus without complications
Codella, R., Ialacqua, M., Terruzzi, I., & Luzi, L. (2018) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-018-1603-7 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Effects of nutrition therapy on HbA1c and cardiovascular disease risk factors in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes
Mottalib, A., Salsberg, V., Mohd-Yusof, B.-N., Mohamed, W., Carolan, P., Pober, D. M., Mitri, J., & Hamdy, O. (2018) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-018-0351-0 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Do quality improvement initiatives for diabetes care address social inequities? Secondary analysis of a systematic review
Lu, J. B., Danko, K. J., Elfassy, M. D., Welch, V., Grimshaw, J. M., & Ivers, N. M. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018826 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Is the proportion of carbohydrate intake associated with the incidence of diabetes complications?—An Analysis of the Japan Diabetes Complications Study
Horikawa, C., Yoshimura, Y., Kamada, C., Tanaka, S., Tanaka, S., Matsunaga, S., Hanyu, O., Araki, A., Ito, H., Tanaka, A., et al. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9020113 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Authors: American Diabetes Association
Corresponding author: American Diabetes Association
Venue: Diabetes Care
Publisher: American Diabetes Association
Published: 2015-12-16
Volume: 39
Issue: Supplement_1
Pages: S23-S35
ISSN: 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
1935-5548
DOI: 10.2337/dc16-s006
OpenAlex: W4244401723
Cited by: 159
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 29
FWCI: 4.73
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Primary Care and Health Outcomes
Keywords: diabetes management

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3. Foundations of Care and Comprehensive Medical Evaluation

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