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Dietary Assessment of Older Iowa Women with a Food Frequency Questionnaire: Nutrient Intake, Reproducibility, and Comparison with 24-Hour Dietary Recall Interviews
Abstract
The authors report the results of a dietary survey of 38,121 Iowa women, 55-69 years of age in 1986, based on a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire previously tested among Boston-area women aged 34-59 years. The Iowa women, compared with the younger Boston-area women, consumed a similar amount of calories (1,767 vs. 1,844 kcal) and a similar amount of total calories from fat (35 vs. 37%) but had markedly greater intake of the following micronutrients after including supplement use: iron (+18%), calcium (+33%), vitamin A (+43%), riboflavin (+46%), thiamine (+50%), and pyridoxine (+122%). The reproducibility of the questionnaire was examined in two more administrations to 44 of the Iowa women in January and June of 1988. Reproducibility was highest for alcohol (Pearson's r = 0.99), caffeine (r = 0.95), and vitamin E (r = 0.90) and lowest for sucrose (r = 0.53), polyunsaturated fat (r = 0.56), and iron (r = 0.59). Micronutrient intakes were generally more reproducible than macronutrient intakes. The agreement between the June 1988 questionnaire and the average of five 24-hour dietary recalls was also assessed in the 44 subjects. The median correlations of energy-adjusted intake were as follows: for macronutrients, r = 0.45; for micronutrients without supplements, r = 0.33; and for micronutrients with supplements, r = 0.64. This food frequency questionnaire appears to be reasonably reproducible and accurate, so that its use may be extended to epidemiologic studies of older women with a broad range of socioeconomic backgrounds.
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“In addition, this validation study had an adequate sample size [15] similar to those used in previous studies [30,45-46].”
From Online dietary intake estimation: reproducibility and validity of the Food4Me Food frequency questionnaire against a 4-day weighed food record (2014) · cites this paper as [45]
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Self-citationAssociation Between Smoking and Risk of Bladder Cancer Among Men and Women
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Measurement Characteristics of the Women’s Health Initiative Food Frequency Questionnaire
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Self-citationFlavonoid intake and cardiovascular disease mortality: a prospective study in postmenopausal women
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MethodAlcohol and Breast Cancer in Women
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Self-citationDietary Assessment Methodology
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Self-citationJacobs, D. R., Meyer, K. A., Kushi, L. H., & Folsom, A. R. (1998) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/68.2.248 · Cited by 638
Self-citationBody Fat Distribution and 5-Year Risk of Death in Older Women
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Self-citationType 1 and Type 2 Diabetes and Incident Hip Fractures in Postmenopausal Women
Nicodemus, K. K., & Folsom, A. R. (2001) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.24.7.1192 · Cited by 569
Self-citationDairy Foods, Calcium, and Colorectal Cancer: A Pooled Analysis of 10 Cohort Studies
Cho, E., Smith‐Warner, S. A., Spiegelman, D. L., Beeson, W. L., van den Brandt, P. A., Colditz, G. A., Folsom, A. R., Fraser, G. E., Freudenheim, J. L., Giovannucci, E. L., et al. (2004) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djh185 · Cited by 517
Self-citationAlcohol Intake and Colorectal Cancer: A Pooled Analysis of 8 Cohort Studies
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“However, validation data in our studies have generally supported that alcohol intake was well measured (16, 17, 19) (Wolk A.”
ResultSelf-citationBostick, R. M., Potter, J. D., Kushi, L. H., Sellers, T. A., Steinmetz, K. A., McKenzie, D. R., Gapstur, S. M., & Folsom, A. R. (1994) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/bf01830725 · Cited by 485
Self-citationDietary Fiber Intake and Risk of Colorectal Cancer
Park, Y., Hunter, D. J., Spiegelman, D. L., Bergkvist, L., Berrino, F., van den Brandt, P. A., Buring, J. E., Colditz, G. A., Freudenheim, J. L., Fuchs, C. S., et al. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.294.22.2849 · Cited by 489
“New York State Cohort (NYSC) 1980-1987 22 550 296 24 (17-33) 5 (4-6) 5 (2-10) 11 (7-18)”
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Caloric Intake and the Risk of Alzheimer Disease
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Municipal Drinking Water Nitrate Level and Cancer Risk in Older Women: The Iowa Women’s Health Study
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Light alcohol drinking and cancer: a meta-analysis
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“However, studies investigating reproducibility and validity of self-reported alcohol drinking in various populations found generally satisfactory correlation coefficients [36–41].”
BackgroundReproducibility and Validity of Food Frequency Questionnaires
Willett, W. C., & Lenart, E. B. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199754038.003.0006 · Cited by 430
The American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort
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Antioxidant Vitamin Intake and Risk of Alzheimer Disease
Luchsinger, J. A., Tang, M.-X., Shea, S., & Mayeux, R. (2003) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.60.2.203 · Cited by 414
Decarli, A., Franceschi, S., Ferraroni, M., Gnagnarella, P., Parpinel, M. T., Vecchia, C. L., Negri, E., Salvini, S., Falcini, F., & Giacosa, A. (1996) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/1047-2797(95)00129-8 · Cited by 407
Dietary fat and incidence of type 2 diabetes in older Iowa women
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“The validity of the food-frequency questionnaire was evaluated by comparing nutrient values determined from the questionnaire with values estimated from the average of five 24-h dietary recall surveys in 44 study participants (15).”
MethodProspective study of dietary protein intake and risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women
Munger, R. G., Cerhan, J. R., & Chiu, B. C. ‐. (1999) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/69.1.147 · Cited by 381
“The food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) used in the 1986 baseline survey was adapted from the Nurses’ Health Study (19) and included 127 food items and questions on the use of nutritional supplements (20).”
MethodSelf-citationDietary Supplements and Mortality Rate in Older Women
Mursu, J. (2011) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.445 · Cited by 339
Harvie, M., Howell, A., Vierkant, R. A., Kumar, N. B., Cerhan, J. R., Kelemen, L. E., Folsom, A. R., & Sellers, T. A. (2005) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-04-0001 · Cited by 340
Self-citationMethods for Pooling Results of Epidemiologic Studies
Smith‐Warner, S. A., Spiegelman, D. L., Ritz, J., Albanes, D., Beeson, W. L., Bernstein, L., Berrino, F., van den Brandt, P. A., Buring, J. E., Cho, E., et al. (2006) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwj127 · Cited by 333
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BackgroundSelf-citationDietary assessment in the elderly: validation of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire
Klipstein‐Grobusch, K., den Breeijen, J. H., Goldbohm, R. A., Geleijnse, J. M., Albert Hofman, D., Grobbee, D. E., & Witteman, J. C. M. (1998) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600611 · Cited by 316
“…were similar to results of studies where either a (S)FFQ or dietary history were validated in the elderly (Jain et al, 1996; van Staveren et al, 1996; Grootenhuis et al, 1995; Rothenberg, 1994; Horwarth, 1993; Mares-Perlmann et al, 1993; Nes et al, 1992; Mahalko et al, 1985; Munger et al, 1992).”
ResultA meta-analysis on alcohol drinking and gastric cancer risk
Tramacere, I., Negri, E., Pelucchi, C., Bagnardi, V., Rota, M., Scotti, L., Islami, F., Corrao, G., Vecchia, C. L., & Boffetta, P. (2011) · Annals of Oncology · doi:10.1093/annonc/mdr135 · Cited by 312
Well-Done Meat Intake and the Risk of Breast Cancer
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Self-citationAlcohol Intake Assessment: The Sober Facts
Feunekes, G. I. J., Veer, P. V. ’., van Staveren, W. A., & Kok, F. J. (1999) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009909 · Cited by 285
“Eleven of 33 papers had quantitative data of test-retest reproducibility of alcohol intake estimation (6-8, 11, 18, 19, 22, 27, 34-36).”
BackgroundMethodAntioxidant Micronutrients and Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis in a Cohort of Older Women
Cerhan, J. R. (2003) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwf205 · Cited by 282
“The reliability and validity of the food frequency questionnaire has been documented in this cohort (22).”
BackgroundBostick, R. M., Kushi, L. H., Wu, Y. G., Meyer, K., Sellers, T. A., & FOLSOM, A. R. (1999) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009781 · Cited by 277
“The reliability and accuracy of this questionnaire among members of this cohort (44) are comparable to those observed in the Nurses' Health Study (41).”
ResultSelf-citationPlasma carotenoids as biomarkers of vegetable and fruit intake.
Campbell, D. R., Gross, M., Martini, M. C., Grandits, G., Slavin, J. L., & Potter, J. D. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 282
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[177Lu-DOTA0,Tyr3]octreotate for somatostatin receptor-targeted radionuclide therapy
de Jong, M., Breeman, W. A. P., Bernard, B. F., Bakker, W. H., Schaar, M., van Gameren, A., Bugaj, J. E., Erion, J. L., Schmidt, M. A., Srinivasan, A., et al. (2001) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/1097-0215(20010601)92:5 · Cited by 208
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“Similar questionnaires have been shown to provide reasonable estimates of the usual dietary intake in populations of varied ages and demographic characteristics including a population of elderly women (31, 32).”
ResultSelf-citationAndersen, L. F., Jacobs, D. R., Carlsen, M. H., & Blomhoff, R. (2006) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/83.5.1039 · Cited by 262
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“45, respectively.(13) The median correlation between energy-adjusted intake by the two methods was r 0.”
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Regression calibration method for correcting measurement-error bias in nutritional epidemiology
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Self-citationHormone Replacement Therapy and Risk of Breast Cancer With a Favorable Histology
Gapstur, S. M., Morrow, M., & Sellers, T. A. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.281.22.2091 · Cited by 233
“Usual alcohol consumption was assessed using the Harvard semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire developed by Willett et al,(17) and has been described in detail elsewhere.(18,19) Four follow-up questionnaires were mailed in 1987, 1989, 1992, and 1997 to collect information on incident selfreported disease, vita…”
Self-citationAlcohol drinking and pancreatic cancer risk: a meta‐analysis of the dose‐risk relation
Tramacere, I., Scotti, L., Jenab, M., Bagnardi, V., Bellocco, R., Rota, M., Corrao, G., Bravi, F., Boffetta, P., & Vecchia, C. L. (2009) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.24936 · Cited by 230
Colorectal adenomas and the C677T MTHFR polymorphism: evidence for gene-environment interaction?
Ulrich, C. M., Kampman, E., Bigler, J., Schwartz, S. M., Chen, C., Bostick, R. M., Fosdick, L., Beresford, S. A. A., Yasui, Y., & Potter, J. D. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 226
Prospective Study of Diet and Ovarian Cancer
Kushi, L. H., Mink, P. J., Folsom, A. R., Anderson, K. E., Zheng, W., Lazovich, D., & Sellers, T. A. (1999) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009723 · Cited by 221
“The ability of the food frequency questionnaire to characterize persons according to nutrient intake was examined in a subset of 44 Iowa women by comparing their questionnaire answers with the mean intake as estimated from five 24-hour dietary recalls (19).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDietary Carotenoids and Risk of Lung Cancer in a Pooled Analysis of Seven Cohort Studies
Männistö, S., Smith‐Warner, S. A., Spiegelman, D. L., Albanes, D., Anderson, K. E., van den Brandt, P. A., Cerhan, J. R., Colditz, G. A., Feskanich, D., Freudenheim, J. L., et al. (2004) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-038-3 · Cited by 221
Design Characteristics of Food Frequency Questionnaires in Relation to Their Validity
Molag, M., de Vries, J. H. M., Ocké, M., Dagnelie, P. C., van den Brandt, P. A., Jansen, M., van Staveren, W. A., & Veer, P. V. (2007) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwm236 · Cited by 214
“Munger, 1992 (41) Willett 44 women 126 Self No Unknown FR 3 d”
BackgroundMethodRecent diet and breast cancer risk: the California Teachers Study (USA)
Horn-Ross, P. L., Hoggatt, K. J., West, D. W., Krone, M. R., Stewart, S. L., Anton-Culver, H., Bernstein, L., Deapen, D., Peel, D., Pinder, R., et al. (2002) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1023/a:1015786030864 · Cited by 216
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“In addition, this validation study had an adequate sample size [15] similar to those used in previous studies [30,45-46].”
Thompson, F. E., Kipnis, V., Midthune, D., Freedman, L. S., Carroll, R. J., Subar, A. F., Brown, C. C., Butcher, M. S., Mouw, T., Leitzmann, M., et al. (2008) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980007000419 · Cited by 209
“For FFQ-repor-ted data, the number of removed outliers ranged from one for protein and cholesterol to 24 for vitamin C.”
Risk factors for hyperplastic and adenomatous polyps: evidence for malignant potential?
Morimoto, L. M., Newcomb, P. A., Ulrich, C. M., Bostick, R. M., Lais, C. J., & Potter, J. D. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 210
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Self-citationAlcohol Intake and Pancreatic Cancer Risk: A Pooled Analysis of Fourteen Cohort Studies
Genkinger, J. M., Spiegelman, D. L., Anderson, K. E., Bergkvist, L., Bernstein, L., van den Brandt, P. A., English, D. R., Freudenheim, J. L., Fuchs, C. S., Giles, G. G., et al. (2009) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0880 · Cited by 202
“The measurement-error corrected risk estimates were similar to the uncorrected results, which was expected because the assessments of alcohol intake from the study-specific questionnaires and multiple 24-hours recalls or food records generally have been shown to be highly correlated (74-82).”
BackgroundResultDoes supplemental vitamin C increase cardiovascular disease risk in women with diabetes?
Lee, D., Folsom, A. R., Harnack, L., Halliwell, B. B., & Jacobs, D. R. (2004) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/80.5.1194 · Cited by 196
“To evaluate the validity of the questionnaire, we compared the vitamin C intake in a subgroup of 44 women with their mean intake estimated from five 24-h dietary recall interviews (11).”
MethodSelf-citationFruits, vegetables and lung cancer: A pooled analysis of cohort studies
Smith‐Warner, S. A., Spiegelman, D. L., Yaun, S., Albanes, D., Beeson, W. L., van den Brandt, P. A., Feskanich, D., Folsom, A. R., Fraser, G. E., Freudenheim, J. L., et al. (2003) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.11490 · Cited by 189
Self-citationVegetables, fruit, and lung cancer in the Iowa Women's Health Study.
Steinmetz, K. A., Potter, J. D., & Folsom, A. R. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 187
Self-citationEffects of walnut consumption on plasma fatty acids and lipoproteins in combined hyperlipidemia
Almario, R. U., Vonghavaravat, V., Wong, R., & Kasim-Karakas, S. E. (2001) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/74.1.72 · Cited by 180
Dietary catechins in relation to coronary heart disease death among postmenopausal women
Arts, I. C. W., Jacobs, D. R., Harnack, L., Gross, M. D., & Folsom, A. R. (2001) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-200111000-00015 · Cited by 177
Self-citationIntake of Vitamins A, C, and E and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer: The Iowa Women's Health Study
Kushi, L. H., Fee, R. M., Sellers, T. A., Zheng, W., & Folsom, A. R. (1996) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008904 · Cited by 175
“The reliability and validity of the food frequency questionnaire have been reported elsewhere (22).”
BackgroundSelf-citationJacobs, D. R., Andersen, L. F., & Blomhoff, R. (2007) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.6.1606 · Cited by 174
“The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were evaluated in 2 studies (26, 27).”
BackgroundFlagg, E. W., Coates, R. J., Calle, E. E., Potischman, N. A., & Thun, M. J. (2000) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-200007000-00017 · Cited by 174
Dietary flavonoid intake and risk of cancer in postmenopausal women: The Iowa Women's Health Study
Cutler, G. J., Nettleton, J. A., Ross, J. A., Harnack, L., Jacobs, D. R., Scrafford, C., Barraj, L. M., Mink, P. J., & Robien, K. (2008) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.23564 · Cited by 173
“Participants also completed a 127-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) developed and validated by Willett and coworkers,27,28 with reliability and validity demonstrated in the IWHS.29 The FFQ asked participants to report average consumption over the past year, including the following flavonoid-containing foods: fru…”
MethodJacobs, D. R., Pereira, M. A., Meyer, K. A., & Kushi, L. H. (2000) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2000.10718968 · Cited by 174
“The validity of the food frequency questionnaire was evaluated in this cohort by comparing nutrient values determined from the questionnaire to values estimated from the average of five 24-hour dietary recall surveys in 44 participants [16].”
MethodSelf-citationVitamin C and Vitamin E for Alzheimer's Disease
Boothby, L. A., & Doering, P. L. (2005) · Annals of Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1345/aph.1e495 · Cited by 176
Coffee Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Pereira, M. A., Parker, E. D., & Folsom, A. R. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.12.1311 · Cited by 173
Self-citationArts, I. C. W., Jacobs, D. R., Gross, M. D., Harnack, L., & Folsom, A. R. (2002) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1023/a:1015290131096 · Cited by 171
“In our Iowa cohort the reproducibility of the foodfrequency questionnaire and estimates of nutrient intakes compared to five 24-h dietary recalls were satisfactory [15].”
BackgroundSelf-citationIntake of antioxidant vitamins and risk of death from stroke in postmenopausal women
Yochum, L., Folsom, A. R., & Kushi, L. H. (2000) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/72.2.476 · Cited by 168
Self-citationHeme Iron, Zinc, Alcohol Consumption, and Colon Cancer: Iowa Women's Health Study
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“has been validated in the IWHS population (30).”
BackgroundA comparison of two dietary instruments for evaluating the fat–breast cancer relationship
Freedman, L. S., Potischman, N. A., Kipnis, V., Midthune, D., Schatzkin, A. G., Thompson, F. E., Troiano, R. P., Prentice, R. L., Patterson, R. E., Carroll, R. J., et al. (2006) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyl085 · Cited by 162
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“In studies conducted in Greece, by Gnardellis et al (1994) and in the USA by Munger et al (1992), the two effects (increasing and decreasing the correlation) happen simultaneously for the different nutrients analyzed.”
BackgroundAssociation of diet and mammographic breast density in the Minnesota breast cancer family cohort.
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“…enrollment in a small sample of the cohort indicated good reproducibility in measuring key macro- and micronutrients, including total energy intake (r = 0.51–0.67) Environmental Health Perspectives • volume 124 | number 11 | November 2016 1753 and vitamin C (r = 0.81–0.84) (Munger et al. 1992).”
BackgroundInfluentialDiet and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Older Women
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“Hypertension, n (%) 14 388 (19) 2759 (20) 3292 (17) 3634 (18) 2246 (20) 1902 (24) 421 (27) 134 (26)”
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An evaluation of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans in relation to cancer occurrence
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Self-citationReduced risk of colon cancer with high intake of vitamin E: the Iowa Women's Health Study.
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Self-citationDietary risk factors for upper aerodigestive tract cancers
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Self-citationVitamin D intake and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women: the Iowa Women’s Health Study
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“Use of this FFQ has been shown to be reasonably reliable for assessing dietary intake in the IWHS cohort [23].”
MethodAlcohol Intake and Renal Cell Cancer in a Pooled Analysis of 12 Prospective Studies
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“First, although the reproducibility and validity of the FFQ used in the Iowa Women’s Health Study was evaluated in 44 study participants (29), the accuracies of heme iron, nonheme iron, or zinc were not separately examined.”
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Munger, R. G., Folsom, A. R., Kushi, L. H., Kaye, S. A., & Sellers, T. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Iowa (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Munger, Ronald G.
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1992-07-15
- Volume
- 136
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 192-200
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- OpenAlex
- W1894977589
- Cited by
- 353
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 9.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (R01 CA39742, R01CA039742)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- food frequency questionnaire, dietary assessment, reproducibility, 24-hour dietary recall, micronutrient intake, macronutrient intake, older women, dietary supplements, iron intake, calcium intake, vitamin intake, questionnaire validation, Iowa women
- MeSH terms
- Energy Intake, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Female, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Iowa, Middle Aged, Nutrition Surveys, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results
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