Whole-grain consumption is associated with a reduced risk of noncardiovascular, noncancer death attributed to inflammatory diseases in the Iowa Women's Health Study
Open accessAbstract
Background It has recently been shown that oxidative stress, infection, and inflammation are predominant pathophysiologic factors for several major diseases. Objective We investigated the association of whole-grain intake with death attributed to noncardiovascular, noncancer inflammatory diseases. Design Postmenopausal women (n = 41 836) aged 55-69 y at baseline in 1986 were followed for 17 y. After exclusions for cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, colitis, and liver cirrhosis at baseline, 27 312 participants remained, of whom 5552 died during the 17 y. A proportional hazards regression model was adjusted for age, smoking, adiposity, education, physical activity, and other dietary factors. Results Inflammation-related death was inversely associated with whole-grain intake. Compared with the hazard ratios in women who rarely or never ate whole-grain foods, the hazard ratio was 0.69 (95% CI: 0.57, 0.83) for those who consumed 4-7 servings/wk, 0.79 (0.66, 0.95) for 7.5-10.5 servings/wk, 0.64 (0.53, 0.79) for 11-18.5 servings/wk, and 0.66 (0.54, 0.81) for >or=19 servings/wk (P for trend = 0.01). Previously reported inverse associations of whole-grain intake with total and coronary heart disease mortality persisted after 17 y of follow-up. Conclusions The reduction in inflammatory mortality associated with habitual whole-grain intake was larger than that previously reported for coronary heart disease and diabetes. Because a variety of phytochemicals are found in whole grain…
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Whole grain intake has also been inversely associated with other less common causes of death including deaths from infection, respiratory disease, diabetes, and kidney disease in some studies, but the available data are limited.
“Whole grain intake has also been inversely associated with other less common causes of death including deaths from infection,4 20 22 respiratory disease,4 9 20 22 diabetes,9 20 22 and kidney disease20 in some studies, but the available data are limited.”
Several previous prospective studies have found a lower risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, cardiovascular disease, and all cause mortality associated with a high intake of whole grains, though not all studies reported a clear association.
“Several previous prospective studies have found a lower risk of coronary heart disease,4 9 15 16 17 stroke,16 18 cardiovascular disease,4 19 20 and all cause mortality4 9 16 20 21 22 associated with a high intake of whole grains, though not all studies reported a clear association.23 24 25 26 27”
Epidemiological studies on whole grains and total cancer have reported mixed results, with some studies suggesting a possible inverse association and others showing no clear association.
“Epidemiological studies on whole grains and total cancer, however, have reported mixed results, with some studies suggesting a possible inverse association,4 9 22 29 while others have shown no clear association.20 27”
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- Authors
- Jacobs, D. R., Andersen, L. F., & Blomhoff, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Jacobs, David R
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-06
- Volume
- 85
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1606-1614
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2113080165
- Cited by
- 174
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 9.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (R01 CA39742, R01CA039742)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Keywords
- whole grain intake, non-cardiovascular mortality, non-cancer mortality, oxidative stress, postmenopausal women, dietary intake, phytochemicals, inflammation
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Antioxidants, Cardiovascular Diseases, Edible Grain, Diet, Dietary Fiber, Female, Humans, Inflammation, Middle Aged, Mortality, Neoplasms, Prospective Studies, Risk, Proportional Hazards Models, Postmenopause, Oxidative Stress
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