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The Beaver Dam Eye Study: The Relation of Age-related Maculopathy to Smoking
Abstract
There are conflicting reports regarding the relation of cigarette smoking to age-related maculopathy, a major cause of blindness in the United States. In this report, the authors examined this association in people aged 43-86 years (n = 4,771) who participated in the Beaver Dam Eye Study, Beaver Dam, Wisconsin (1988-1990). Exposure data on cigarette smoking were derived from questions about present and past smoking, duration of smoking, and the number of cigarettes smoked per day. Age-related maculopathy status was determined by grading stereoscopic color fundus photographs using the Wisconsin Age-related Maculopathy Grading System. Smoking status, pack-years smoked, and current exposure to passive smoking were not associated with drusen characteristics (type, area, and confluence) or signs of early age-related maculopathy in any age-sex group studied, except for a higher frequency of increased retinal pigment in males who had ever smoked compared with those who had never smoked. The relative odds for exudative macular degeneration, one form of late age-related maculopathy, in females who were current smokers was 2.50 (95% confidence interval 1.01-6.20) compared with those who were ex-smokers or never smokers; for males, it was 3.29 (95% confidence interval 1.03-10.50). There was no significant relation between smoking status and pure geographic atrophy, another form of late age-related maculopathy. These results suggest that exudative macular degeneration is associated with cigarette smoking and that different forms of macular degeneration may have different etiologies.
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“Results from a number of case-control studies,28–33 population-based studies,34–36 and prospective studies of both physicians37 and nurses38 strongly confirm cigarette smoking as a risk factor for age-related macular degeneration.”
From Age-related macular degeneration (2008) · cites this paper as [35]
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Klaver, C. C. W., Vingerling, J. R., Hofman, A., & de Jong, P. T. V. M. (1997) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-11126-0_1
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Metadata
- Authors
- Klein, R., Klein, B. E. K., Linton, K. L. P., & DeMets, D. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- ORCID
- DeMets, David L.
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1993-01-15
- Volume
- 137
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 190-200
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- OpenAlex
- W2141960190
- Cited by
- 320
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 10.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Eye Institute (U10 EYO6594, U10EY006594)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Keywords
- age-related maculopathy, cigarette smoking, neovascular age-related macular degeneration, drusen, retinal pigment, passive smoking, geographic atrophy, Beaver Dam Eye Study, pack-years, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Macular Degeneration, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, Sex Factors, Smoking, Tobacco Smoke Pollution, Wisconsin, Prevalence
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