The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Control Sampling Strategies for Case-Crossover Studies: An Assessment of Relative Efficiency
Abstract
The case-crossover study design is a method to assess the effect of transient exposures on the risk of onset of acute events. Control information for each case is based on his/her past exposure experience, and a self-matched analysis is conducted. Empiric evaluation of five approaches to the analysis of case-crossover data from a study of heavy physical exertion and acute myocardial infarction onset is shown. The data presented are from the Onset Study, a case-crossover study of the determinants of myocardial infarction onset conducted in 45 centers from August 1989 to October 1992. In model 1, exactly one control period (matched on clock-time) was sampled per case. In models 2-4, up to 25 control periods were sampled, and the effect of clock-time on the baseline hazard of infarction was modeled. In model 5, a census of the person-time experienced by each subject over the year preceding the infarction was sampled. The 95% confidence interval for model 1 was 2.7 times wider, and the relative efficiency, defined as v infinity/vM, where vM represents the asymptotic variance estimate of the estimated log relative risk with M control periods sampled per case, was only about 14% of model 5. In models 2-4, the efficiency increased with the number of control periods, regardless of the modeling assumptions. Even with many control periods sampled, models 2-4 achieved only half the efficiency of model 5. The control sampling strategy in any given case-crossover study should be selected with the trade-offs between precision and potential biases of the estimates in mind.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Because control information for each subject is based on his or her own past exposure experience, self-matching eliminates confounding by risk factors that are constant within individuals over the sampling period but often differ between study subjects.”
From Coffee and acute ischemic stroke onset: The Stroke Onset Study (2010) · cites this paper as [12]
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 340
Smoking and the Risk of Oral Clefts
Meyer, K. A., Williams, P. L., Hernández–Dı́az, S., & Cnattingius, S. (2004) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/01.ede.0000142148.51230.60 · Cited by 52
“Including up to 12 control periods per case can increase relative efficiency, although the improvement will be hampered by autocorrelation of exposure.(32) Autocorrelation among exposure periods will also violate the assumption of independence among observations and can lead to biased estimates.”
BackgroundYang, C. (2008) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health · doi:10.1080/15287390802114428 · Cited by 52
“The data were analyzed using the case-crossover technique (Maclure, 1991; Marshall & Jackson, 1993; Mittleman et al., 1995).”
Chiu, H., Tsai, S., Weng, H., & Yang, C. (2013) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health · doi:10.1080/15287394.2013.801763 · Cited by 51
“Statistics Data were analyzed using the casecrossover technique (Maclure, 1991; Marshall and Jackson, 1993; Mittleman et al., 1995).”
MethodAir Pollution and Hospital Admissions for Asthma in a Subtropical City: Taipei, Taiwan
Yang, C., Chen, C., Chen, C., & Kuo, H. (2007) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health · doi:10.1080/15287390600755059 · Cited by 51
“The data were analyzed using the case-crossover technique (Maclure, 1991; Marshall & Jackson, 1993; Mittleman et al., 1995).”
MethodFine Particulate Air Pollution and Hospital Admissions for Asthma: A Case-Crossover Study in Taipei
Cheng, M., Chen, C., Chiu, H., & Yang, C. (2014) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health · doi:10.1080/15287394.2014.922387 · Cited by 48
“Statistics Data were analyzed using the casecrossover technique (Maclure, 1991; Marshall and Jackson, 1993; Mittleman et al., 1995).”
MethodBenzodiazepines and elderly drivers: a comparison of pharmacoepidemiological study designs
Hebert, C., Delaney, J. A., Hemmelgarn, B. R., Lévesque, L. E., & Suissa, S. (2007) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.1432 · Cited by 48
Ki, M. (2003) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwf167 · Cited by 48
“In this paradigm, within each stratum there is exactly one case event, and all person-time is contributed by a single person (23).”
BackgroundTransient risk factors for acute traumatic hand injuries: a case-crossover study in Hong Kong
Chow, C. Y., Lee, H. H., Lau, J. T. F., & Yu, I. T.-S. (2006) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oem.2006.028589 · Cited by 50
Chen, D., Zhang, F., Yu, C., Jiao, A., Xiang, Q., Yu, Y., Mayvaneh, F., Hu, K., Ding, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2019) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.04.021 · Cited by 49
Risk of Stroke and Myocardial Infarction Among Initiators of Triptans
Petersen, C. L., Hougaard, A., Gaist, D., & Hallas, J. (2024) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2023.5549 · Cited by 52
Yang, C., & Chen, C.-J. (2007) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health · doi:10.1080/15287390701380880 · Cited by 48
“The data were analyzed using the case-crossover technique (Maclure, 1991; Marshall & Jackson, 1993; Mittleman et al., 1995).”
A case-crossover study on transient risk factors of work-related eye injuries
Chen, S.-Y., Fong, P.-C., Lin, S. ‐., Chang, C.-H., & Chan, C.-C. (2009) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oem.2008.042325 · Cited by 47
Tsai, S., & Yang, C. (2014) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health · doi:10.1080/15287394.2013.853337 · Cited by 48
“Data were analyzed using the casecrossover technique (Maclure, 1991; Marshall and Jackson, 1993; Mittleman et al., 1995).”
MethodRisk of Pulmonary Embolism More Than 6 Weeks After Surgery Among Cancer-Free Middle-aged Patients
Caron, A., Depas, N., Chazard, E., Yelnik, C., Jeanpierre, E., Paris, C., Beuscart, J., & Ficheur, G. (2019) · JAMA Surgery · doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2019.3742 · Cited by 51
Relation of Outbursts of Anger and Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction
Mostofsky, E., Maclure, M., Tofler, G. H., Muller, J. E., & Mittleman, M. A. (2013) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.03.035 · Cited by 47
Self-citationUeda, K., Nitta, H., Ono, M., & Takeuchi, A. (2009) · Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association · doi:10.3155/1047-3289.59.10.1212 · Cited by 46
Chang, C., Kuo, C.-C., Liou, S., & Yang, C. (2013) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health · doi:10.1080/15287394.2013.771559 · Cited by 46
“Data were analyzed using the casecrossover technique (Maclure, 1991; Marshall and Jackson, 1993; Mittleman et al., 1995).”
MethodAnalysis of Prosthetic Joint Infections Following Invasive Dental Procedures in England
Thornhill, M. H., Crum, A., Rex, S., Stone, T., Campbell, R., Bradburn, M. J., Fibisan, V., Lockhart, P. B., Springer, B., Baddour, L. M., et al. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.42987 · Cited by 47
Baylín, A., Hernández–Díaz, S., Siles, X., Kabagambe, E. K., & Campos, H. (2007) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2006.05.004 · Cited by 45
“We used a caseecrossover design in which data were analyzed as a stratified analysis by the individual patient (5, 27, 28).”
MethodLee, I., Tsai, S., Chang, C.-C., Ho, C., & Yang, C. (2007) · Inhalation Toxicology · doi:10.1080/08958370601174818 · Cited by 45
“The data were analyzed using the case-crossover technique (Maclure, 1991; Marshall & Jackson, 1993; Mittleman et al., 1995).”
MethodBidirectional Case-Crossover Studies of Air Pollution: Bias from Skewed and Incomplete Waves
Lee, J. T., Kim, H., & Schwartz, J. D. (2000) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.001081107 · Cited by 46
Alternative approaches to analytical designs in occupational injury epidemiology
Mittleman, M. A., Maldonado, G., Gerberich, S. G., Smith, G. S., & Sorock, G. S. (1997) · American Journal of Industrial Medicine · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0274(199708)32:2 · Cited by 43
Self-citationAlcohol and Road Traffic Injuries in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Case-Crossover Study
Borges, G. L. G., Monteiro, M. G., CHERPITEL, C. J. S., Orozco, R., Ye, Y., Poznyak, V. B., Peden, M. M., Pechansky, F., Cremonte, M., Reid, S. D., et al. (2017) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13467 · Cited by 42
“…the impact of a transient exposure (such as alcohol and drug use, i.e., substance use) on an acute outcome (such as an RTI) (Maclure, 1991; Mittleman et al., 1995), in which an individual is used as his own control and generates data that can be used in dose response models that do not…”
Use of the case-crossover design to study prolonged drug exposures and insidious outcomes
Wang, P. S., Schneeweiß, S., Glynn, R. J., Mogun, H., & Avorn, J. (2004) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2003.09.012 · Cited by 43
Case-crossover studies of occupational trauma: methodological caveats
Sorock, G. S., Lombardi, D. A., Gabel, C., Smith, G. S., & Mittleman, M. A. (2001) · Injury Prevention · doi:10.1136/ip.7.suppl_1.i38 · Cited by 43
Self-citationYun, H., Curtis, J. R., Guo, L., Kilgore, M. L., Muntner, P., Saag, K. G., Matthews, R., Morrisey, M. A., Wright, N. C., Becker, D. J., et al. (2014) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-15-112 · Cited by 40
“For each eligible subject, we defined the “case” (or “hazard”) period as the 30 days immediately before bisphosphonate discontinuation, and we specified five “control” periods as the five 30-day periods immediately before the hazard period (Figure 2) [17,21,22].”
BackgroundMethodAir Pollution and Hospital Admissions for Pneumonia in a Subtropical City: Taipei, Taiwan
Chiu, H., Cheng, M., & Yang, C. (2008) · Inhalation Toxicology · doi:10.1080/08958370802441198 · Cited by 40
“The data were analyzed using the case-crossover technique (Maclure, 1991; Marshall & Jackson, 1993; Mittleman et al., 1995).”
MethodPhysical Activity and Onset of Acute Ischemic Stroke: The Stroke Onset Study
Mostofsky, E., Laier, E., Levitan, E. B., Rosamond, W. D., Schlaug, G., & Mittleman, M. A. (2010) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwq369 · Cited by 42
“The Stroke Onset Study used a case-crossover design, a variation of a case-control design that is appropriate when a brief exposure (physical activity) causes a transient change in the risk of an acute outcome (ischemic stroke) (20, 21).”
MethodSelf-citationBjörkenstam, C., Möller, J., Weitoft, G. R., Salmi, P., Hallqvist, J., & Ljung, R. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073973 · Cited by 41
A Case-Crossover Study of Sleep and Work Hours and the Risk of Road Traffic Accidents
Valent, F., Bartolomeo, S. D., Marchetti, R., Sbrojavacca, R., & Barbone, F. (2010) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/33.3.349 · Cited by 41
Hsieh, Y., Yang, Y., Wu, T.-N., & Yang, C. (2010) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health · doi:10.1080/15287391003684789 · Cited by 38
“The data were analyzed using the casecrossover technique (Maclure, 1991; Marshall & Jackson, 1993; Mittleman et al., 1995).”
MethodOn case‐crossover methods for environmental time series data
Whitaker, H., Hocine, M. N., & Farrington, P. (2006) · Environmetrics · doi:10.1002/env.809 · Cited by 38
Pan, H.-Y., Cheung, S.-M., Chen, F.-C., Wu, K.-H., Cheng, S.-Y., Chuang, P., & Cheng, F. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16193760 · Cited by 37
“A time-stratified and case-crossover design, an alternative design of Poisson time series regression modelling, was used to analyze the data [20,21].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialKinlin, L. M., Mittleman, M. A., Harris, A. D., Rubin, M. A., & Fisman, D. N. (2010) · Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology · doi:10.1086/655839 · Cited by 37
“322 (51) 59(9) 143 (22) 33 (5) 79 (12) 241 (38) 370 (58) 1 (0-3) 50 (1-100) Individuals scrubbed at time of injury (n = 195)”
Self-citationButeau, S., Goldberg, M. S., Burnett, R. T., Gasparrini, A., Valois, M., Brophy, J. M., Crouse, D. L., & Hatzopoulou, M. (2018) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.01.003 · Cited by 35
Correlation Between Air Pollution and Postneonatal Mortality in a Subtropical City: Taipei, Taiwan
Yang, C., Hsieh, H.-J., Tsai, S., Wu, T.-N., & Chiu, H. (2006) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health · doi:10.1080/15287390600746181 · Cited by 36
“The data were analyzed using the case-crossover technique (Maclure, 1991; Marshall & Jackson, 1993; Mittleman et al., 1995).”
MethodChen, C., Chiu, H., & Yang, C. (2016) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health · doi:10.1080/15287394.2016.1182002 · Cited by 34
“Data were analyzed using the case-crossover technique (Maclure, 1991; Marshall and Jackson, 1993; Mittleman et al., 1995).”
MethodAre there common triggers of preterm deliveries?
Petridou, E. T., Salvanos, H., Skalkidou, A., Dessypris, N., Moustaki, M., & Trichopoulos, D. (2001) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2001.00140.x · Cited by 36
Does cannabis onset trigger cocaine onset? A case‐crossover approach
O’Brien, M. S., Comment, L. A., Liang, K., & Anthony, J. C. (2012) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.359 · Cited by 34
“Case-crossover data can be analyzed by using standard methods for matched pair case control studies (Mittleman et al., 1995).”
MethodChiu, H., Chang, C., & Yang, C. (2014) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health · doi:10.1080/15287394.2014.926801 · Cited by 34
“Statistics Data were analyzed using the casecrossover technique (Maclure, 1991; Marshall and Jackson, 1993; Mittleman et al., 1995).”
MethodDeath by Suicide and Other Externally Caused Injuries After Stroke in Japan (1990–2010)
Yamauchi, T., Inagaki, M., Yonemoto, N., Iwasaki, M., Inoue, M., Akechi, T., Iso, H., & Tsugane, S. (2014) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000079 · Cited by 33
Lipovetzky, N., Hod, H., Roth, A., Kishon, Y., Sclarovsky, S., & Green, M. S. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 33
Cocaine Use and the Occurrence of Panic Attacks in the Community: A Case-Crossover Approach
O’Brien, M. S., Wu, L.-T. T., & Anthony, J. C. (2005) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1081/ja-200049236 · Cited by 33
“The case-crossover data can be analyzed by using standard methods for matched pair casecontrol studies (Mittleman et al., 1995).”
MethodEffect of Weather on Back Pain: Results From a Case‐Crossover Study
Steffens, D., Maher, C. G., Li, Q., Ferreira, M. L., Pereira, L. S. M., Koes, B. W., & Latimer, J. (2014) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.22378 · Cited by 33
“exactly 1 week and 1 month before the date and time of the pain onset (11).”
BackgroundChen, C., Tsai, S., & Yang, C. (2015) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph120504697 · Cited by 32
“The data were analyzed using the case-crossover design [36,37].”
Cheng, F., Lee, K., Lee, C., et al. (2018) · Aerosol and Air Quality Research · doi:10.4209/aaqr.2018.08.0285 · Cited by 33
“Data were analyzed using the case-crossover technique (Maclure, 1991; Marshall and Jackson, 1993; Mittleman et al. , 1995).”
Air Pollution and Hospital Admissions for Asthma in a Tropical City: Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Tsai, S., Cheng, M., Chiu, H., Wu, T.-N., & Yang, C. (2006) · Inhalation Toxicology · doi:10.1080/08958370600686176 · Cited by 34
“The data were analyzed using the case-crossover technique (Maclure, 1991; Marshall & Jackson, 1993; Mittleman et al., 1995).”
MethodSharps-related injuries in health care workers: a case-crossover study
Fisman, D. N., Harris, A. D., Sorock, G. S., & Mittleman, M. A. (2003) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(03)00082-2 · Cited by 32
Self-citationLee, I., Tsai, S., Ho, C., Chiu, H., & Yang, C. Y. (2007) · Inhalation Toxicology · doi:10.1080/08958370701479406 · Cited by 33
“The data were analyzed using the case-crossover technique (Maclure, 1991; Marshall & Jackson, 1993; Mittleman et al., 1995).”
MethodFine Particulate Air Pollution and Outpatient Department Visits for Headache in Taipei, Taiwan
Chang, C., Chiu, H., & Yang, C. (2015) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health · doi:10.1080/15287394.2015.1010465 · Cited by 30
“Statistics Data were analyzed using the casecrossover technique (Maclure, 1991; Mittleman et al., 1995).”
MethodHo, Y.-N., Cheng, F., Tsai, M.-T., Tsai, C., Chuang, P., & Cheng, C.-Y. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11636-5 · Cited by 35
“A time-stratified case-crossover study, which is an equivalent to Poisson time series regression models, was conducted to analyze asthma events, air pollutants, and meteorological data [21, 22].”
MethodCase–Crossover Study of Partner and Situational Factors for Unprotected Sex
Seage, G. R., Holte, S., Gross, M., Koblin, B. A., Marmor, M. F., Mayer, K. H., & Lenderking, W. R. (2002) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/00126334-200212010-00010 · Cited by 32
Thornhill, M. H., Gibson, T. B., Yoon, F. B., Dayer, M., Prendergast, B., Lockhart, P. B., O’Gara, P. T., & Baddour, L. M. (2023) · Oral Diseases · doi:10.1111/odi.14585 · Cited by 35
Seasonality and Coronary Heart Disease Deaths in United States Firefighters
Mbanu, I., Wellenius, G. A., Mittleman, M. A., Peeples, L., Stallings, L. A., & Kales, S. N. (2007) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420520701535787 · Cited by 31
“In this design, each subject’s exposure on the day of the case-defining event (case period) is compared with his or her own exposure during one or more control days (control periods) when the subject did not become a case (Mittleman et al., 1995).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCheng, M., Tsai, S., & Yang, C. (2009) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health · doi:10.1080/15287390903091756 · Cited by 30
“Data were analyzed using the case-crossover technique (Maclure, 1991; Marshall & Jackson, 1993; Mittleman et al., 1995).”
Mogensen, H., Möller, J., Hultin, H., & Mittendorfer‐Rutz, E. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0164274 · Cited by 33
Cautions about Car Telephones and Collisions
Maclure, M., & Mittleman, M. A. (1997) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199702133360709 · Cited by 30
Self-citationAvalos, M., Pouyes, H., Grandvalet, Y., Orriols, L., & Lagarde, E. (2015) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/1471-2105-16-s6-s1 · Cited by 30
“This design inherently removes the confounding effects of timeinvariant factors while it is still sensitive to the effects of time-varying risk factors [4,5].”
BackgroundThe Use of Active Comparators in Self-Controlled Designs
Hallas, J., Whitaker, H., Delaney, J. A., Cadarette, S. M., Pratt, N. L., & Maclure, M. (2021) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwab110 · Cited by 31
“We used a focal window of four weeks, a washout window of four weeks and four referent windows each lasting four weeks before the washout, to improve statistical precision (16).”
MethodSelf-citationAir Pollution and Daily Clinic Visits for Migraine in a Subtropical City: Taipei, Taiwan
Chiu, H., & Yang, C. (2015) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health · doi:10.1080/15287394.2015.983218 · Cited by 29
Hsieh, Y., Tsai, S., & Yang, C. (2013) · Inhalation Toxicology · doi:10.3109/08958378.2013.804609 · Cited by 29
“The data were analyzed using the case-crossover technique (Maclure, 1991; Marshall & Jackson, 1993; Mittleman et al., 1995).”
MethodThe use of primary care databases: case-control and case-only designs
Smeeth, L. L. (2006) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/cml025 · Cited by 30
“Mittleman 26 found that the precision of the effect size improved with the number of time periods selected, with the greatest efficiency achieved by using the whole year prior to the event.”
Statistical methods for epidemiologic studies of the health effects of air pollution.
Navidi, W. C., Thomas, D. C., Langholz, B. M., & Stram, D. O. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 30
Case-crossover design and its implementation in R
Zhang, Z. (2016) · Annals of Translational Medicine · doi:10.21037/atm.2016.05.42 · Cited by 28
“1 i i i crossover i i i a N RR c N = ∑ ∑ [4]”
BackgroundTsai, S., Tsai, C.-Y., & Yang, C. (2018) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health · doi:10.1080/15287394.2018.1460788 · Cited by 29
Cheng, F., Wu, K.-H., Hung, S.-C., et al. (2019) · Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1038/s41370-019-0140-7 · Cited by 29
Association between gaseous air pollution and hospital admissions for hypertension in Taipei, Taiwan
Chen, C., & Yang, C. (2017) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health · doi:10.1080/15287394.2017.1395573 · Cited by 28
CONNOR, J. L., Cousins, K., Samaranayaka, A., & Kypri, K. (2014) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.12172 · Cited by 27
“Selection of controls is an important issue for both epidemiological methods [42,43].”
BackgroundStressful Life Events as Triggers of Ischemic Stroke: A Case-Crossover Study
Guiraud, V., Touzé, E., Rouillon, F., Godefroy, O., & Mas, J. (2012) · International Journal of Stroke · doi:10.1111/j.1747-4949.2012.00810.x · Cited by 27
Analysis of recurrent event data under the case‐crossover design with applications to elderly falls
Luo, X., & Sorock, G. S. (2007) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.3171 · Cited by 27
“As for a matched case-control study, standard methods such as Mantel-Haenszel (MH) method and conditional logistic regression (CLR) [3] can be used for analyzing case-crossover data, as suggested by Maclure [1] and Mittleman et al [2].”
BackgroundMethodTsai, S., Chang, C., Liou, S., & Yang, C. (2014) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph110505081 · Cited by 26
Air Pollution and Hospital Admissions for Pneumonia in A Tropical City: Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Cheng, M., Tsai, S., Wu, T.-N., Chen, P., & Yang, C. (2007) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health · doi:10.1080/15287390701601020 · Cited by 26
“Data were analyzed using the case-crossover technique (Maclure, 1991; Marshall & Jackson, 1993; Mittleman et al., 1995).”
Air Pollution and Postneonatal Mortality in a Tropical City: Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Tsai, S., Chen, C., Hsieh, H.-J., Chang, C., & Yang, C. (2006) · Inhalation Toxicology · doi:10.1080/08958370500434214 · Cited by 26
“The data were analyzed using the case-crossover technique (Maclure, 1991; Marshall & Jackson, 1993; Mittleman et al., 1995).”
MethodTriggers of Spontaneous Preterm Delivery – Why Today?
Hernández‐Díaz, S., Boeke, C. E., Romans, A. T., Young, B., Margulis, A. V., McElrath, T. F., Ecker, J. L., & Bateman, B. T. (2014) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/ppe.12105 · Cited by 25
Jiao, A., Xiang, Q., Ding, Z., Cao, J., Ho, H. C., Chen, D., Cheng, J., Yang, Z., Zhang, F., Yu, Y., et al. (2019) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125012 · Cited by 24
Trigger Factors for Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Case-Crossover Study
van Etten, E. S., Kaushik, K., Jolink, W. M. T., Koemans, E. A., Ekker, M. S., Rasing, I., Voigt, S., Schreuder, F. H. B. M., Cannegieter, S. C., Rinkel, G. J. E., et al. (2021) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.121.036233 · Cited by 24
Corrao, G., Zambon, A., Faini, S., Bagnardi, V., Leoni, O., & Suissa, S. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2004.04.013 · Cited by 25
A case-crossover study of alcohol consumption, meals and the risk of road traffic crashes
Bartolomeo, S. D., Valent, F., Sbrojavacca, R., et al. (2009) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-316 · Cited by 25
“[16].”
Chiu, H., & Yang, C. (2013) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health · doi:10.1080/15287394.2013.842463 · Cited by 24
“Statistics Data were analyzed using the casecrossover technique (Maclure, 1991; Marshall and Jackson, 1993; Mittleman et al., 1995).”
MethodOutcomes prediction in longitudinal data: Study designs evaluation, use case in ICU acquired sepsis
Schvetz, M., Fuchs, L., Novack, V., & Moskovitch, R. (2021) · Journal of Biomedical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2021.103734 · Cited by 24
Itzkowitz, N. G., Gong, X., Atilola, G. O., Konstantinoudis, G., Adams, K., Jephcote, C., Gulliver, J., Hansell, A., & Blangiardo, M. (2023) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2023.108016 · Cited by 26
“We used a time-stratified case-crossover study design with bidirectional control sampling, in which the days on which an event of interest occurred are compared to control days selected within the same month and on the same day of the week (Maclure, 1991; Mittleman et al., 1995).”
Case-Crossover Analysis of Condom Use and Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Acquisition
Stanaway, J. D., Wald, A., Martin, E. T., Gottlieb, S. L., & Magaret, A. (2012) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0b013e318248aa8a · Cited by 24
Effect of air pollution on onset of acute coronary syndrome in susceptible subgroups
Qorbani, M., Yunesian, M., Fotouhi, A., et al. (2012) · Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal · doi:10.26719/2012.18.6.550 · Cited by 24
“The analysis of case-crossover data is similar to stratified data analysis [12–14].”
MethodChiu, H., Weng, Y., Chiu, Y.-W., & Yang, C. (2017) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health · doi:10.1080/15287394.2017.1321092 · Cited by 24
“Data were analyzed using the case-crossover technique (Maclure, 1991; Marshall & Jackson, 1993; Mittleman et al., 1995).”
MethodRopponen, A., Koskinen, A., Puttonen, S., et al. (2020) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/jonm.12992 · Cited by 24
Short-term effects of psychiatric symptoms and interpersonal stressors on criminal violence
Haggård, U., Hallqvist, J., Långström, N., & Möller, J. (2006) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-006-0056-0 · Cited by 24
“The control information may be derived in different ways [20]; using the matched-pair interval, multiple intervals or usual frequency approaches.”
MethodA Case-Crossover Study of Risk Factors for Occupational Eye Injuries
Blackburn, J. L., Levitan, E. B., MacLennan, P. A., Owsley, C. J., & McGwin, G. (2012) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0b013e3182398e1a · Cited by 23
Fukasawa, T., Urushihara, H., Takahashi, H., Okura, T., & Kawakami, K. (2023) · The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology In Practice · doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2023.07.012 · Cited by 24
Majdzadeh, R., Feizzadeh, A., Rajabpour, Z. V., et al. (2009) · Traffic Injury Prevention · doi:10.1080/15389580902995380 · Cited by 23
“The pair-matched is to contrast a time period on the day of the collision with a comparable period on a period preceding the collision (Mittleman et al. 1995).”
BackgroundHultin, H., Hallqvist, J., Alexanderson, K. A. E., Johansson, G., Lindholm, C., Lundberg, I., & Möller, J. (2011) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-175 · Cited by 23
“The odds ratios can be considered as estimates of the incidence rate ratio comparing exposed to unexposed conditions [28].”
Analysis of Case-Crossover Designs Using Longitudinal Approaches
Figueiras, A., Carracedo‐Martínez, E., Sáez, M., & Taracido, M. (2005) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/01.ede.0000152915.58564.d3 · Cited by 23
“Initially, variations of case-crossover designs were proposed in which the control periods were in all cases situated before the date of the effect.(9,10) When these designs are applied to exposures exhibiting a time trend, risk estimates could be confounded by the time trend in such an exposure.”
BackgroundAir Pollution and Emergency Room Visits for Arrhythmias: Are There Potentially Sensitive Groups?
Chiu, H., & Yang, C. (2009) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health · doi:10.1080/15287390902800405 · Cited by 23
“The data were analyzed using the case-crossover technique (Maclure, 1991; Marshall & Jackson, 1993; Mittleman et al., 1995).”
MethodChiu, H., Peng, C., Wu, T.-N., et al. (2013) · Aerosol and Air Quality Research · doi:10.4209/aaqr.2013.01.0013 · Cited by 23
“The data were analyzed using the case-crossover technique (Maclure, 1991; Marshall and Jackson, 1993; Mittleman et al. , 1995).”
Flooding and Clostridium difficile Infection: A Case-Crossover Analysis
Lin, C. J., Wade, T. J., & Hilborn, E. D. (2015) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph120606948 · Cited by 23
“This type of regression model has been the standard for case-crossover studies [46,50,52,53] and it has also been shown to be unbiased when a time-stratified bi-directional approach is used for referent selection [51,54].”
MethodNicholas, J. M., Grieve, A. P., & Gulliford, M. C. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.09.004 · Cited by 22
Risk Factors for Road-Traffic Injuries Associated with E-Bike: Case-Control and Case-Crossover Study
Zhong, Z., Lin, Z., Li, L., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19095186 · Cited by 22
Air pollution and emergency room visits for cardiac arrhythmia in a subtropical city: Taipei, Taiwan
Tsai, S., Chiu, H., Wu, T.-N., & Yang, C. (2009) · Inhalation Toxicology · doi:10.3109/08958370902758939 · Cited by 22
“Statistics The data were analyzed using the case-crossover technique (Maclure, 1991; Marshall & Jackson, 1993; Mittleman et al., 1995).”
MethodChen, C., & Yang, C. (2018) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health · doi:10.1080/15287394.2018.1498276 · Cited by 22
“This study used a case-crossover design (Maclure 1991; Marshall and Jackson 1993; Mittleman, Maclure, and Robins 1995).”
MethodAir Pollution and Daily Clinic Visits for Headache in a Subtropical City: Taipei, Taiwan
Chiu, H., Weng, Y., Chiu, Y.-W., et al. (2015) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph120202277 · Cited by 21
Chiu, H., Tsai, S., & Yang, C. (2017) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health · doi:10.1080/15287394.2017.1321095 · Cited by 21
“Data were analyzed using the case-crossover technique (Maclure, 1991; Marshall & Jackson, 1993; Mittleman et al., 1995).”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Mittleman, M. A., Maclure, M., & Robins, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mittleman, Murray A.
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1995-07-01
- Volume
- 142
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 91-98
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- OpenAlex
- W2151672696
- Cited by
- 340
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 10.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL41016, R01HL041016)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Inference
- Keywords
- case-crossover design, relative efficiency, acute myocardial infarction, transient exposure, asymptotic variance
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Myocardial Infarction, Risk, Models, Statistical, Exercise, Bias, Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic, Case-Control Studies, Cross-Over Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
