The DOI matches its Crossref record; 8 of the 9 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Mortality from smoking worldwide
Abstract
Estimates are made of the numbers and proportions of deaths attributable to smoking in 44 developed countries in 1990. In developed countries as a whole, tobacco was responsible for 24% of all male deaths and 7% of all female deaths, rising to over 40% in men in some former socialist economies and 17% in women in the USA. The average loss of life for all cigarette smokers was about 8 years and for those whose deaths were attributable to tobacco about 16 years. Trends in mortality attributable to tobacco differed between countries. In some the mortality in middle age (35-69 years) had decreased by half in men since 1965; in others it was continuing to increase. In women, the proportion was mostly increasing, almost universally in old age. Mortality not attributable to smoking decreased since 1955 in all OECD (Organization for European Collaboration and Development) countries, by up to 60% in men and more in women. No precise estimate can be made of the number of deaths attributable to smoking in undeveloped countries, but the prevalence of smoking suggests that it will be large. In the world as a whole, some 3 million deaths a year are estimated to be attributable to smoking, rising to 10 million a year in 30-40 years' time.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“smoking is the leading cause of disease burden in many countries.[3][4][5][6][7]”
From Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action (2022) · cites this paper as [6]
Citations
Cites
Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years' observations on male British doctors
Doll, R., Peto, R., Wheatley, K., Gray, R., & Sutherland, I. (1994) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.309.6959.901 · Cited by 5,932
Self-citationMortality from tobacco in developed countries: indirect estimation from national vital statistics.
Peto, R., Boreham, J., Lopez, A. D., Thun, M., & Heath, C. (1992) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)91600-d · Cited by 1,394
Self-citationMortality in relation to consumption of alcohol: 13 years' observations on male British doctors
Doll, R., Peto, R., Hall, E., Wheatley, K., & Gray, R. G. (1994) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.309.6959.911 · Cited by 1,172
Self-citationMortality from smoking in developed countries 1950-2000
Kinlen, L. J. (1996) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.1996.46 · Cited by 754
Mortality from smoking in developed countries, 1950-2000
(1995) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.4.1.102 · Cited by 375
The future worldwide health effects of current smoking patterns
Peto, R., & López, A. D. (2004) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198526872.003.0016 · Cited by 328
Self-citationSelection, follow-up, and analysis in the American Cancer Society prospective studies.
Garfinkel, L. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 163
Peto, R. (1986) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(86)92645-0 · Cited by 25
Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–635 of 635
Schippert, D. W., & Rechtine, G. R. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-40030-5.00176-3
Batra, A., & Buchkremer, G. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-33129-2_51
Aspectos da mortalidade atribuível ao tabaco: revisão sistemática
Oliveira, A., Valente, J., & Leite, I. C. G. (2008) · Revista de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/s0034-89102008000200020
Batra, A., & Friederich, H. M. (2001) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-59535-6_5
Drug addiction, dependence and abuse
Rang, H. P., Dale, M. M., Ritter, J. M., Flower, R. J., & Henderson, G. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-3471-8.00048-2
(2011) · Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.10.048
Let us work together for enhanced tobacco control strategies!
Sun, M. C. (2022) · Open Health · doi:10.1515/openhe-2022-0023
Gairola, C. G., & Swanson, H. I. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/springerreference_31832
Women in science: Public health education and promotion 2022
(2023) · Frontiers research topics · doi:10.3389/978-2-8325-2461-9
Iversen, L. L. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190846848.002.0003
Iversen, L. L. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190846848.002.0005
Dileswar, S., & Mahalik, G. (2024) · Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy · doi:10.1007/s43538-024-00362-2
Tobacco as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor
Buchsbaum, R. B., & Buchsbaum, J. C. (2001) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-001-8_10
A Multicenter Pilot Study of MUC1 Vaccine in Current and Former Smokers at High Risk for Lung CancerPreprint
Pennathur, A., Midthun, D. E., Wojtowicz, M. E., Ward, J. A., Forster, J., Krpata, T. S., Fatis, S., McKolanis, J., Xue, J., Beatty, P. L., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.06.25.25328823
Chronic Obstructive PulmonaryDisease : Early detection and prevention in primary care
Stratelis, G. (2009) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
Arendse, N. (2013) · University of the Western Cape Electronic Theses and Dissertations Repository (University of the Western Cape)
Tang, H., Hou, J., Chen, K., Huang, X., Liu, S., & Hu, S. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14583497
Assayag, H. B., Brzezinski, R. Y., Berliner, S., Zeltser, D., Shapira, I., Rogowski, O., Toker, S., Eldor, R., & Shenhar‐Tsarfaty, S. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24038743
Assayag, H. B., Brzezinski, R. Y., Berliner, S., Zeltser, D., Shapira, I., Rogowski, O., Toker, S., Eldor, R., & Shenhar‐Tsarfaty, S. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24038734
Assayag, H. B., Brzezinski, R. Y., Berliner, S., Zeltser, D., Shapira, I., Rogowski, O., Toker, S., Eldor, R., & Shenhar‐Tsarfaty, S. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24038728
Xu, X., Liu, Y., Hu, H., Wang, J., Cai, Y., Xie, J., Kang, M., & He, F. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23930215
Assayag, H. B., Brzezinski, R. Y., Berliner, S., Zeltser, D., Shapira, I., Rogowski, O., Toker, S., Eldor, R., & Shenhar‐Tsarfaty, S. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24038731
Assayag, H. B., Brzezinski, R. Y., Berliner, S., Zeltser, D., Shapira, I., Rogowski, O., Toker, S., Eldor, R., & Shenhar‐Tsarfaty, S. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24038737
Assayag, H. B., Brzezinski, R. Y., Berliner, S., Zeltser, D., Shapira, I., Rogowski, O., Toker, S., Eldor, R., & Shenhar‐Tsarfaty, S. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24038746
Alsaud, R. N., Alnafei, K. H., Alibrahim, A. S., Alshami, M. S., Alharthi, R., Tatwany, A. H., & Shaker, A. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.99676
Lund, K. E., & Vedøy, T. F. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10003173/v1
Unveiling the lessons from a virtual tobacco cessation program targeting surgical patients
Bless, L., Sanderfer, V. C., Matthews, B. D., Cain, C., Kaiser, N. C., Manning, D., McCarthy, L., & Reinke, C. E. (2026) · Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.surg.2026.110448
Smoking Cessation Apps and Technology Acceptance Factors: Focusing on the Sense2Quit Application
Ghanbarzadeh, S., & Maserat, E. (2026) · Addiction and Health · doi:10.34172/ahj.1701
BindingDB (2013) · UC San Diego · doi:10.7270/q2222w0f
Mölken, M. R., & Feenstra, T. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-78665-0_97
An Overview of Recreational Drug Consumption in Australia
Srivastava, P. R. (2013) · Developments in health economics and public policy · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-02405-9_3
Smoking Prevention and Cessation Policies
Gratziou, C., & Roussos, C. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-540-31040-1_54
Estratégias para a cessação do tabagismo : uma revisão das alternativas terapêuticas
Fagundes, M. L. (2010) · Lume (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul)
Metadata
- Authors
- Peto, R., Lopez, A. D., Boreham, J., Thun, M., Heath, C., & Doll, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- American Cancer Society (US)
- ORCID
- Peto, R.
- Venue
- British Medical Bulletin
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1996-01-01
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 12-21
- ISSN
- 0007-1420 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-8391
- OpenAlex
- W2115371904
- Cited by
- 638
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 8.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- British Medical Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Healthcare Systems and Public Health
- Keywords
- smoking, smoking-related mortality, attributable mortality, global mortality estimates, sex differences in mortality, mortality trends, developed countries, former socialist economies
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Life Expectancy, Lung Neoplasms, Male, Middle Aged, Sex Factors, Smoking, Developed Countries
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
