Use of Race and Ethnicity in Epidemiologic Research: Concepts, Methodological Issues, and Suggestions for Research

Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults: Review of research.

Phinney, J. S. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.499 · Cited by 3,798

Measuring Social Class in US Public Health Research: Concepts, Methodologies, and Guidelines

Krieger, N., Williams, D. R., & Moss, N. (1997) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.18.1.341 · Cited by 2,767

Development of a short acculturation scale for hispanics

Marin, G., Sabogal, F., Marin, B. V., Otero-Sabogal, R., & Perez-Stable, E. J. (1987) · Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1177/07399863870092005 · Cited by 2,299

THE MEASUREMENT OF SOCIAL CLASS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY

Liberatos, P., Link, B. G., & Kelsey, J. L. (1988) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036030 · Cited by 1,338

Racial discrimination and blood pressure: the CARDIA Study of young black and white adults

Krieger, N., & Sidney, S. (1996) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.86.10.1370 · Cited by 1,296

Migration Patterns and Breast Cancer Risk in Asian-American Women

Ziegler, R. G., Hoover, R. N., Pike, M. C., Hildesheim, A., Nomura, A. M. Y., West, D. W., Wu‐Williams, A. H., Kolonel, L. N., Horn‐Ross, P. L., Rosenthal, J. F., et al. (1993) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/85.22.1819 · Cited by 1,098

Racism, Sexism, and Social Class: Implications for Studies of Health, Disease, and Well-being

Krieger, N., Rowley, D. L., Herman, A. A., Avery, B., & Phillips, M. T. (1993) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(18)30666-4 · Cited by 956

Racial and gender discrimination: risk factors for high blood pressure?

Krieger, N. (1990) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(90)90307-e · Cited by 929

Age at first birth and breast cancer risk.

MacMahon, B., Cole, P. T., Lin, T. M., Lowe, C. R., Mirra, A. P., Ravnihar, B., Salber, E. J., Valaoras, V. G., & Yuasa, S. (1970) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 878

Race and health: Basic questions, emerging directions

Williams, D. R. (1997) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s1047-2797(97)00051-3 · Cited by 825

Fertility and perinatal health among Finnish immigrants in sweden

Gissler, M., Pakkanen, M., & Olausson, P. O. (2003) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00402-1 · Cited by 25

Minority Women and Advocacy for Women's Health

Kumanyika, S., Morssink, C. B., & Nestle, M. (2001) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.91.9.1383 · Cited by 25

Have You Ever Seen an Asian/Pacific Islander?

Williams, H. C. (2002) · Archives of Dermatology · doi:10.1001/archderm.138.5.673 · Cited by 24

Children in Diverse Social Contexts

Murry, V. M., Hill, N. E., Witherspoon, D., Berkel, C., & Bartz, D. (2015) · Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science · doi:10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy411 · Cited by 23

Quantitative approaches to structural intersectionality research: Conceptual and methodologic considerations

Zubizarreta, D., & Beccia, A. L. (2025) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.117712 · Cited by 25

An analysis of the academic capacity of anaesthesia in the UK by publication trends and academic units

Ratnayake, G., El‐Boghdadly, K., & Pandit, J. J. (2020) · Anaesthesia · doi:10.1111/anae.15247 · Cited by 23

Effects of client and therapist ethnicity and ethnic matching: A prospective naturalistic study of outpatient mental health treatment in Northern Norway

Møllersen, S., Sexton, H. C., & Holte, A. (2008) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039480802576043 · Cited by 23

Prevalencia de marcas de nacimiento y lesiones cutáneas transitorias en 1.000 recién nacidos españoles

Monteagudo, B., Labandeira, J., León-Muíños, E., Carballeira, I., Corrales, A., Cabanillas, M., Suárez‐Amor, Ó., & Toribio, J. (2011) · Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas · doi:10.1016/j.ad.2010.08.001 · Cited by 22

Cigarette Smoking, Binge Drinking, Physical Activity, And Diet In 138 Asian American And Pacific Islander Community College Students In Brooklyn, New York

Arliss, R. M. (2006) · Journal of Community Health · doi:10.1007/s10900-006-9033-5 · Cited by 22

The Quality of Data on “Race” and “Ethnicity”: Implications for Health Researchers, Policy Makers, and Practitioners

Kaplan, J. B. (2014) · Race and Social Problems · doi:10.1007/s12552-014-9121-6 · Cited by 24

Reductionist methodology and the ambiguity of the categories of race and ethnicity in biomedical research: an exploratory study of recent evidence

Malinowska, J. K., & Żuradzki, T. (2022) · Medicine Health Care and Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s11019-022-10122-y · Cited by 25

Heuristic Algorithms for Assigning Hispanic Ethnicity

Boscoe, F. P., Schymura, M. J., Zhang, X., & KRAMER, R. A. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055689 · Cited by 21

The effects of HIV-1 subtype and ethnicity on the rate of CD4 cell count decline in patients naive to antiretroviral therapy: a Canadian-European collaborative retrospective cohort study

Klein, M. B., Young, J., Dunn, D. T., Ledergerber, B., Sabin, C. A., Cozzi‐Lepri, A., Dabis, F., Harrigan, R., Tan, D. H. S., Walmsley, S. L., et al. (2014) · CMAJ Open · doi:10.9778/cmajo.20140017 · Cited by 21

Acculturation and Maternal Health Behaviors

Hawkins, S. S., Gillman, M. W., Shafer, E. F., & Cohen, B. B. (2014) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2014.02.015 · Cited by 21

Demography, Immigration Background, Difficulties with Living in Japan, and Psychological Distress among Japanese Brazilians in Japan

Asakura, T., & Murata, A. (2006) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-006-9003-0 · Cited by 21

Allopatric tuberculosis host–pathogen relationships are associated with greater pulmonary impairment

Pasipanodya, J. G., Moonan, P. K., Vecino, E., Miller, T. L., Fernandez, M., Slocum, P. C., Drewyer, G., & Weis, S. E. (2013) · Infection Genetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2013.02.015 · Cited by 20

Perceptions of medical interactions between healthcare providers and American Indian older adults

Garroutte, E. M., Sarkisian, N., Goldberg, J. H., Buchwald, D., & Beals, J. (2008) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.04.015 · Cited by 19

Socioeconomic status and bone health in community-dwelling older men: the CHAMP Study

Nabipour, I., Cumming, R. G., Handelsman, D. J., Litchfield, M. J., Naganathan, V., Waite, L. M., Creasey, H. M., Janu, M. R., Couteur, D. G. L., Sambrook, P. N., et al. (2010) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-010-1332-0 · Cited by 19

Impact of Diet on Mortality From Stroke: Results From the U.S. Multiethnic Cohort Study

Sharma, S., Cruickshank, J. K., Green, D. M., Vik, S., Tome, A. N., & Kolonel, L. N. (2013) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2013.791798 · Cited by 18

Healthcare Utilization and All-Cause Premature Mortality in Hungarian Segregated Roma Settlements: Evaluation of Specific Indicators in a Cross-Sectional Study

Sándor, J., Pálinkás, A., Vincze, F., Kovács, N., Sipos, V., Kőrösi, L., Falusi, Z., Pál, L., Fürjes, G., Papp, M., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15091835 · Cited by 18

Hanseníase em populações indígenas do Amazonas, Brasil: um estudo epidemiológico nos municípios de Autazes, Eirunepé e São Gabriel da Cachoeira (2000 a 2005)

Imbiriba, E. B., Basta, P. C., Pereira, E. D. S., Levino, A., & Garnelo, L. (2009) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/s0102-311x2009000500004 · Cited by 17

Partitioning of Genetic Variation in Human Populations and the Concept of Race

Madrigal, L., & Barbujani, G. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139167222.003 · Cited by 17

Cancer trends among Hispanic men in South Florida, 1981–1998

Wilkinson, J. D., Wohler‐Torres, B., Trapido, E. J., Fleming, L. E., MacKinnon, J., Voti, L., & Peace, S. (2002) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.10321 · Cited by 17

Sustainable Cities and Healthy Cities: Are They the Same?

Portney, K. E., & Sansom, G. (2017) · Urban Planning · doi:10.17645/up.v2i3.1018 · Cited by 16

Decolonizing nursing education and research to address racial disparities in maternal health

Iradukunda, F., & Canty, L. (2023) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.15624 · Cited by 16

Pediatric Health Disparities

Oberg, C. N., & Rinaldi, M. (2006) · Current problems in pediatric and adolescent health care · doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2006.03.001 · Cited by 16

Prevalence and significance of race and ethnicity subgroup analyses in Cochrane intervention reviews

Liu, P., Ross, J. S., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Dhruva, S. S., Vasiliou, V., & Wallach, J. D. (2019) · Clinical Trials · doi:10.1177/1740774519887148 · Cited by 15

Prevalence of Birthmarks and Transient Skin Lesions in 1000 Spanish Newborns

Monteagudo, B., Labandeira, J., León-Muíños, E., Carballeira, I., Corrales, A., Cabanillas, M., Suárez‐Amor, Ó., & Toribio, J. (2011) · Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas · doi:10.1016/s1578-2190(11)70801-0 · Cited by 15

Epidemiology of Dental Caries

Shulman, J. D., & Cappelli, D. P. (2004) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-03695-5.50005-7 · Cited by 15

Black-white differences in survival from late-stage prostate cancer.

Polednak, A. P. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 15

Risk of Food Insecurity in Young Adulthood and Longitudinal Changes in Cardiometabolic Health: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health

Nikolaus, C. J., Hebert, L. E., Zamora‐Kapoor, A., & Sinclair, K. (2022) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxac055 · Cited by 14

Critical Race Theory for Speech-Language Pathology

Privette, C. (2021) · Advances in linguistics and communication studies · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-7134-7.ch005 · Cited by 14

Use of Race, Ethnicity, and National Origin in Studies Assessing Cardiovascular Risk in Women With a History of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy

Johnston, A., Tseung, V., Dancey, S. R., Visintini, S. M., Coutinho, T. A., & Edwards, J. D. (2021) · CJC Open · doi:10.1016/j.cjco.2021.08.002 · Cited by 15

Examining educational attainment and allostatic load in non-Hispanic Black women

Williams, B. M., Laurent, C., Chawla, R., & Moore, J. X. (2022) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-022-01641-0 · Cited by 17

Tubal Factor Infertility, In Vitro Fertilization, and Racial Disparities: A Retrospective Cohort in Two US Clinics

Anyalechi, G. E., Wiesenfeld, H. C., Kirkcaldy, R. D., Kissin, D. M., Haggerty, C. L., Hammond, K. R., Hook, E. W., Bernstein, K. T., Steinkampf, M. P., & Geisler, W. M. (2021) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0000000000001435 · Cited by 14

Locating the Intersections of Disability, Race and Ethnicity in Adoption Rates among Foster Children Introduction

Johnson, L. M., Slayter, E. M., & Livingstone, A. (2020) · Adoption Quarterly · doi:10.1080/10926755.2020.1719252 · Cited by 15

Ethnicity, religiosity and SME innovation outcomes: some insights from a Muslim ethnic group

Games, D. (2020) · World Review of Entrepreneurship Management and Sustainable Development · doi:10.1504/wremsd.2020.10032335 · Cited by 13

Ethnicity as a variable in mental health research: A systematic review of articles published 1990–2004

Møllersen, S., & Holte, A. (2008) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039480802044414 · Cited by 13

The Assessment of Social Determinants of Health in Postsepsis Mortality and Readmission: A Scoping Review

Hilton, R. S., Hauschildt, K. E., Shah, M., Kowalkowski, M. A., & Taylor, S. P. (2022) · Critical Care Explorations · doi:10.1097/cce.0000000000000722 · Cited by 13

Measuring Food Security among American Indian and Alaska Native Adults: Validity Evidence Supports the Use of the US Department of Agriculture Module

Nguyen, C. J., French, B. F., Maudrie, T. L., Ferguson, G. L., Jernigan, V. B. B., & Sinclair, K. (2023) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2023.02.017 · Cited by 14

Performance of the US Office of Management and Budget's revised race and ethnicity categories in Asian populations

Holup, J. L., Press, N. A., Vollmer, W. M., Harris, E. L., VOGT, T. M., & Chen, C. (2007) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2007.02.001 · Cited by 12

Race as a Component of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Prediction Algorithms

Vasan, R. S., Rao, S. G., & van den Heuvel, E. R. (2023) · Current Cardiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11886-023-01938-y · Cited by 11

Ethnic variations in the initial phase of mental health treatment: A study of Sami and non‐Sami clients and therapists in northern Norway

Møllersen, S., Sexton, H. C., & Holte, A. (2005) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2005.00476.x · Cited by 11

Examining the association between prenatal maternal stress and infant non-nutritive suck

Zimmerman, E., Aguiar, A., Aung, M. T., Geiger, S. D., Hines, M., Woodbury, M., Martens, A., Huerta-Montañez, G., Cordero, J. F., Meeker, J. D., et al. (2021) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-021-01894-9 · Cited by 10

The challenge of recruiting diverse populations into health research: an embedded social science perspective

Outram, S. M., Ackerman, S., Norstad, M., & Koenig, B. A. (2022) · New Genetics and Society · doi:10.1080/14636778.2022.2115349 · Cited by 10

Characteristics of Cancer Epidemiology Studies That Employ Metabolomics: A Scoping Review

Yu, C. T., Farhat, Z., Livinski, A. A., Loftfield, E., & Zanetti, K. A. (2023) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-23-0045 · Cited by 10

Methods for optimizing statistical analyses in pharmacogenomics research

Turner, S., Crawford, D. C., & Ritchie, M. D. (2009) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1586/ecp.09.32 · Cited by 10

Risk Factors in Adolescence for the Development of Elevated Blood Pressure and Hypertension in American Indian and Alaskan Native Adults

Zamora‐Kapoor, A., Hebert, L. E., Montañez, M., Buchwald, D., & Sinclair, K. (2020) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-020-01130-2 · Cited by 10

Association of food security with cardiometabolic health during young adulthood: cross-sectional comparison of American Indian adults with other racial/ethnic groups

Nikolaus, C. J., Zamora‐Kapoor, A., Hebert, L. E., & Sinclair, K. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054162 · Cited by 10

Psychopathology, cognition and outcome in Dutch and immigrant first‐episode psychosis patients

Stouten, L. H., Veling, W., Laan, W., & van der Gaag, M. (2018) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12561 · Cited by 10

Cancer among Hispanic women in South Florida: An 18‐year assessment

Wilkinson, J. D., Wohler‐Torres, B., Trapido, E. J., Fleming, L. E., MacKinnon, J., & Peace, S. (2002) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.10834 · Cited by 10

Immigration, region of origin, and the epidemiology of venous thromboembolism: A population‐based study

Lazo‐Langner, A., Liu, K., Shariff, S. Z., Garg, A. X., & Ray, J. G. (2018) · Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1002/rth2.12113 · Cited by 9

Race Differences in the Effect of Subjective Social Status on Hostility and Depressive Symptoms Among 9- to 11-Year-Old Children

Castro, I. E., Hruska, B. J., & Gump, B. B. (2020) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-020-00707-9 · Cited by 9

Racial and Ethnic Inequities in Health: Examining the Contributions of the American Journal of Epidemiology to Advancing the Science

Borrell, L. N., & Crawford, N. D. (2022) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwac069 · Cited by 9

International University Students in Thailand: Shifting from Universalistic Models to an Ethnicity Matters Approach

Rhein, D. L. (2018) · Journal of Research in International Education · doi:10.1177/1475240918817412 · Cited by 9

The effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients.

Jensen‐Fangel, S. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 9

Adherence to recommendations for fruit and vegetable intake, ethnicity and ischemic heart disease mortality

Sharma, S., Vik, S., Pakseresht, M., & Kolonel, L. N. (2013) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2013.03.004 · Cited by 8

Ethical, Legal and Social Issues of Genetic Studies with African Immigrants as Research Subjects

Gong, G., Kosoko-Lasaki, S., Haynatzki, G. R., Cook, C., O’Brien, R. L., & Houtz, L. E. (2008) · Journal of the National Medical Association · doi:10.1016/s0027-9684(15)31447-4 · Cited by 8

Why ethnic designation matters for stroke rehabilitation: Comparing VA administrative data and clinical records

Stansbury, J. P., Reid, K. J., Reker, D. M., Duncan, P. W., Marshall, C. R., & Rittman, M. (2004) · The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development · doi:10.1682/jrrd.2004.04.0046 · Cited by 8

A model of self-transformative identity development in troubled adolescent youth

Albrecht, R. E. (2007) · doi:10.25148/etd.fi13101567 · Cited by 8

Reporting of Participant Demographics in Clinical Trials Published in General Radiology Journals

Parsons, M., Tong, Y., Valenti, S. C., Gorelik, V. V., Bhatnagar, S., Boily, M., & Gorelik, N. (2023) · Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology · doi:10.1067/j.cpradiol.2023.08.010 · Cited by 7

Evaluation of Reliability Between Race and Ethnicity Data Obtained from Self-report Versus Electronic Health Record

Sojka, P. C., Maron, M. M., DUNSIGER, S. I., Belgrave, C. J., Hunt, J., Brannan, E. H., & Wolff, J. L. (2024) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-024-02041-w · Cited by 8

Decolonizing nursing through the lens of Black maternal health

Canty, L. (2023) · Nursing Philosophy · doi:10.1111/nup.12424 · Cited by 7

Impact of migration on diabetes burden: audit in the metropolitan area of Bologna, Italy

Marchesini, G., Gibertoni, D., Giansante, C., Perlangeli, V., Grilli, R. G., Scudeller, L., Descovich, C., & Pandolfi, P. (2023) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-023-02157-6 · Cited by 7

Race and CD4 + T-cell Count in HIV Prognosis and Treatment

Achhra, A. C., & Amin, J. (2012) · Future Virology · doi:10.2217/fvl.11.143 · Cited by 7

Race/ethnicity and criminal behavior: Neurohormonal influences

Ellis, L. (2017) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2017.05.013 · Cited by 8

Adult Mental Disorders in Association with Socioeconomic Position, Race/Ethnicity, and Sexual and Gender Minority Status

Johnson, R. M., Linton, S., Mortensen, P. B., Reisner, S. L., Martins, S., & Eaton, W. W. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190916602.003.0008 · Cited by 7

Ethnic minority position as risk indicator for autism-spectrum and psychotic disorders

van der Ven, E. (2016) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20160422ev · Cited by 7

Differences in conventional cardiovascular risk factors in two ethnic groups in India.

Garg, P. R., Kabita, S., Singh, H. S., Saraswathy, K. N., Sinha, E., Kalla, A. K., & Chongtham, D. S. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 6

Setting the Standards for Collecting Ethnicity Data in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts

Hawkins, S. S., Torres, B., May, G. S., & Cohen, B. B. (2011) · Journal of Public Health Management and Practice · doi:10.1097/phh.0b013e318215a4c7 · Cited by 6

Equity of participants in clinical trials in critical care and perioperative medicine research: a systematic review

Wong, J. K. L., Thomas, C., Gravett, H., Thobhani, K., Mekhaimar, A., Wong, J. M., & Wan, Y. I. (2025) · BJA Open · doi:10.1016/j.bjao.2025.100425 · Cited by 6

Race and Ethnicity in Cardiac Surgery: A Missed Opportunity?

Elfaki, L. A., Nwakoby, A., Keshishi, M., Vervoort, D., Yanagawa, B., & Fremes, S. E. (2023) · The Annals of Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2023.10.025 · Cited by 5

Accuracy of patient race and ethnicity data in a central cancer registry

Codden, R. R., Sweeney, C., Ofori-Atta, B. S., Herget, K. A., Wigren, K., Edwards, S. L., Carter, M. E., McCarty, R., Hashibe, M., Doherty, J. A., et al. (2023) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-023-01827-3 · Cited by 6

Understanding Racial Disparities in COVID-19–Related Complications: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study

Harding, J. L., Patel, S. A., Davis, T. L., Patzer, R. E., McDonald, B., Walker-Williams, D., Jagannathan, R., Teunis, L. J., & Gander, J. C. (2022) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/38914 · Cited by 5

Affordable Care Act standards for race and ethnicity mask disparities in maternal smoking during pregnancy

Hawkins, S. S., & Cohen, B. B. (2014) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.05.002 · Cited by 5

Representation of ethnic and racial minority groups in European vaccine trials: a quantitative analysis of clinical trials registries

Puttick, N., Vanderslott, S., & Tanner, R. (2023) · BMJ Public Health · doi:10.1136/bmjph-2023-000042 · Cited by 4

National Background is Associated with Disparities in Initiation and Persistence to Statin Treatment in Subjects with Diabetes in Denmark

Domínguez, H., Schramm, T. K., Gislason, G., Norgaard, M. L., Raunsø, J., Abildstrom, S. Z., Køber, L., Poulsen, H. E., & Torp-Pedersen, C. T. (2010) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2010.00142 · Cited by 4

Social Determinants of Adolescent Risk Behaviors: An Examination of Depressive Symptoms and Sexual Risk, Substance Use, and Suicide Risk Behaviors

Respress, B. N. (2010) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 4

Validation of Self-Reported Race in a Canadian Provincial Renal Administrative Database

Waheed, A., Djurdjev, O., Dong, J. J., Gill, J., & Barbour, S. J. (2019) · Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease · doi:10.1177/2054358119859528 · Cited by 4

Health Disparities

Brown, A. G. M., & Folta, S. C. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190626686.003.0004 · Cited by 4

Individual Differences in the Hormonal Control of Appetite: A Step toward a (More) Successful Treatment of Childhood Overweight?

Chanoine, J. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1218 · Cited by 4

Adherence to the USDA dietary recommendations for fruit and vegetable intake and risk of fatal stroke among ethnic groups: a prospective cohort study

Sharma, S., Pakseresht, M., Cruickshank, K. J., Green, D. M., & Kolonel, L. N. (2013) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/1471-2377-13-120 · Cited by 4

The Association Between Black vs. White Race and 30-Day Hospitalization Among People Diagnosed with COVID-19 Within an Integrated Care Setting: a Cohort Study

Harding, J. L., Doucet, N., Patel, S. A., Davis, T. L., McDonald, B., Goldberg, B., Patzer, R. E., Walker-Williams, D., Jagannathan, R., Teunis, L. J., et al. (2023) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-023-01894-x · Cited by 3

Stroke in young adults in Malaysia: 1 year outcome and functional status

Chan, Y. K., Tan, K. S., & Latif, L. A. (2021) · Neurology Asia · doi:10.54029/2021iau · Cited by 3

An Exploration of the Relationships between Markers of Social Status and Position and HIV Risk Behaviours in African, Caribbean, and Other Black Populations

Baidoobonso, S. M. (2013) · Scholarship@Western (Western University) · Cited by 3

Exploring the Ontological Status of the Race Concept as Perceived by Korean Medical Students

Yoo, H. H., Lee, J., & Shin, S. (2018) · Eurasia Journal of Mathematics Science and Technology Education · doi:10.29333/ejmste/92288 · Cited by 3

Tackling the Persistent Use of Racial Terminology in South African Health Sciences Research and Training

Ntatamala, I., Gibbon, V. E., Alaba, O. A., & London, L. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-31913-6_7 · Cited by 2

Mediation of risk factors for high blood pressure in four racial and ethnic populations

Zamora‐Kapoor, A., Hebert, L. E., Mellacheruvu, P., Buchwald, D., & Sinclair, K. (2024) · Longitudinal and Life Course Studies · doi:10.1332/17579597y2024d000000030 · Cited by 4

Correlates of physical activity and obesity among a sample of Chinese-Australian adolescents

Strugnell, C. (2013) · Cited by 2

Systematic review of how racialized health inequities are addressed in Epidemiologic Reviews articles (1979–2021): a critical conceptual and empirical content analysis and recommendations for best practices

Javadi, D., Murchland, A. R., Rushovich, T., Wright, E. M., Shchetinina, A. S., Siefkas, A. C., Todd, K. P., Gitelman, J., Hall, E., Wynne, J. O., et al. (2023) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/mxad008 · Cited by 3

Associação entre Horas de Sono e Perfil Lipídico de Adolescentes do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA)

Abreu, G. D. A. (2015) · Cited by 2

Race, ethnicity, and epilepsy research

Burneo, J. G. (2009) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.12.019 · Cited by 2

Aspects of mental and physical health in immigrants in Sweden : an epidemiological study

Westman, J. (2006) · Figshare · Cited by 2

Informations Bibliographiques

(2001) · Population · doi:10.3917/popu.104.0681 · Cited by 2

Pediatrics and social policy: Advocating for children's rights

Oberg, C. N., & Zastrow, C. (2004) · Current problems in pediatric and adolescent health care · doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2004.05.004 · Cited by 1

Virus Subtype, Ethnicity and CD4 Decline in Untreated HIV Infection

Young, J., & Klein, M. B. (2014) · Future Virology · doi:10.2217/fvl.14.14 · Cited by 1

Defining the Race and Ethnic Standards for Federal Statistics and Administrative Reporting

Canady, R., Jiménez, J., & Thirukumaran, D. (2021) · Journal of Science Policy & Governance · doi:10.38126/jspg180406 · Cited by 1

Registration and Familial Consent for Deceased Organ Donation Among Ethnic Minorities in Ontario, Canada: Opportunities for Improvement

Li, A. W. (2016) · Scholarship@Western (Western University) · Cited by 1

Abdominal Adipose Tissue and Insulin Resistance: The Role of Ethnicity

Gašević, D., Kohli, S., Khan, N. A., & Lear, S. A. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407869-7.00012-x · Cited by 1

Beyond disciplinary blind spots : a systematic review of research on ethnicity and race in secondary education using automated text analysis

PRAAG, L. V., & Daenekindt, S. (2021) · Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) · Cited by 1

DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwh084 SPECIAL ARTICLE Four-Year Review of the Use of Race and Ethnicity in Epidemiologic and Public Health Research

Epidemiol, A. J., Comstock, R. D., Castillo, E. M., & Lindsay, S. P. (2003)

Conceptualization, Operationalization, and Utilization of Race and Ethnicity in Major Epidemiology Journals, 1995-2018: A Systematic Review.

Andrabi, N., Zivich, P. N., Smith, N., Martinez, R. A., Goodwin, A. N., & Wilbur, R. E. (2026) · UNC Libraries · doi:10.17615/54xh-rx66

Four-year review of the use of race and ethnicity in epidemiologic and public health research

Comstock, R. D. (2004) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwh084 · Cited by 142

Invited commentary: race, ethnicity, and racism in epidemiologic research—perspectives from Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCRP)

Ford, C. L., & Pirtle, W. N. L. (2024) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwae064 · Cited by 9

Should ethnicity be used in epidemiological research?

(1994) · PharmacoResources · doi:10.1007/bf03289830