Racial discrimination and blood pressure: the CARDIA Study of young black and white adults

Krieger, N; Sidney, S

doi:10.2105/ajph.86.10.1370

Cited by 1,296Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchHealth disparities and outcomesBlood Pressure and Hypertension Studies

Racial discrimination and blood pressure: the CARDIA Study of young black and white adults

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Krieger, N, Sidney, S·1996·American Journal of Public Health

DOI 10.2105/ajph.86.10.1370PMC PMC1380646

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES: This study examined associations between blood pressure and self reported experiences of racial discrimination and responses to unfair treatment. METHODS: Survey data were collected in year 7 (1992/93) of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, a prospective multisite community-based investigation. Participants included 831 Black men, 1143 Black women, 1006 White men, and 1106 White women 25 to 37 years old. RESULTS: Systolic blood pressure among working-class Black adults reporting that they typically accepted unfair treatment and had experienced racial discrimination in none of seven situations was about 7 mm Hg higher than among those reporting that they challenged unfair treatment and experienced racial discrimination in one or two of the situations. Among professional Black adults, systolic blood pressure was 9 to 10 mm Hg lower among those reporting that they typically challenged unfair treatment and had not experienced racial discrimination. Black-White differences in blood pressure were substantially reduced by taking into account reported experiences of racial discrimination and responses to unfair treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Research on racial/ ethnic distributions of blood pressure should take into account how discrimination may harm health.

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Socially inflicted trauma is a pathway linking racial discrimination to increased risk of hypertension among African Americans.
“(3) socially inflicted trauma : perceiving, recalling or anticipating interpersonal racial discrimination provokes fear and anger, triggering the 'flight-or-fight' response”
From Theories for social epidemiology in the 21st century: An ecosocial perspective (2001) · cites this paper as [116]
The indexed Abstract (page unavailable) reports associations between racial discrimination, responses to unfair treatment, and systolic blood pressure among Black CARDIA participants. It does not describe socially inflicted trauma or establish that perceiving, recalling, or anticipating discrimination triggers fear, anger, and a fight-or-flight response; the indexed full-text area contains only a PDF link and references. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The possibility that the relationship between racism and blood pressure may be curvilinear was not explored in the current meta-analysis due to limitations in the statistical analysis program used.
“Although some research has suggested the relationship between racism and blood pressure may be curvilinear [121, 281, 304, 402–403], this possibility was not explored in the current meta-analysis due to limitations in the statistical analysis program we utilized.”
From Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2015) · cites this paper as [403]
The available Abstract reports blood-pressure differences across groups defined by discrimination experiences, responses to unfair treatment, and social class, but does not address whether the relationship is curvilinear. Searches for a curvilinear or nonlinear pattern found no supporting passage. The meta-analysis’s software limitation is the citing authors’ own explanation, not a claim attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.70)
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“The Experience of Discrimination Scale was used to assess participants’ experiences of discrimination in a variety of settings (Krieger, 1990; Krieger & Sidney, 1996).”
Method
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Authors: Krieger, N., & Sidney, S.
Affiliations: Harvard University (US)
ORCID: Krieger, N
Sidney, S
Venue: American Journal of Public Health
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Published: 1996-10
Volume: 86
Issue: 10
Pages: 1370-1378
ISSN: 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
1541-0048
DOI: 10.2105/ajph.86.10.1370
PMC: PMC1380646
OpenAlex: W2166176269
Cited by: 1,296
References: 49
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 51 · 2012: 75
FWCI: 104.11
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r29hl051151-05)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (N01-HC-84048, 1-R 29-HL51151-01, N01-HC-84047)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
Keywords: racial discrimination, blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, black-white disparities, young adults, discrimination experiences, cardiovascular health, CARDIA study
MeSH terms: Adult, Black or African American, Blood Pressure, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Occupations, Prejudice, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sex Factors, Social Class, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Cohort Studies, Black People, White People

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Racial discrimination and blood pressure: the CARDIA Study of young black and white adults

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