Cited by 1,960Genomics and Phylogenetic StudiesRNA and protein synthesis mechanismsEvolution and Genetic Dynamics

A codon-based model of nucleotide substitution for protein-coding DNA sequences.

Nick Goldman, Ziheng Yang·1994·Molecular Biology and Evolution

Abstract

A codon-based model for the evolution of protein-coding DNA sequences is presented for use in phylogenetic estimation. A Markov process is used to describe substitutions between codons. Transition/transversion rate bias and codon usage bias are allowed in the model, and selective restraints at the protein level are accommodated using physicochemical distances between the amino acids coded for by the codons. Analyses of two data sets suggest that the new codon-based model can provide a better fit to data than can nucleotide-based models and can produce more reliable estimates of certain biologically important measures such as the transition/transversion rate ratio and the synonymous/nonsynonymous substitution rate ratio.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040153

Cites

31 of 31 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The first codon models estimated parameters representing an averaged nonsynonymous-synonymous rate ratio.

    “The first codon models estimated parameters representing an averaged nonsynonymous-synonymous rate ratio.”

    From RELAX: Detecting Relaxed Selection in a Phylogenetic Framework (2015) · cites this paper as Goldman and Yang 1994

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Goldman, N., & Yang, Z.
Affiliations
National Institute for Medical Research (GB)
Venue
Molecular Biology and Evolution
Published
1994-09
Volume
11
Issue
5
Pages
725-36
ISSN
  • 0737-4038 (ISSN-L)
  • 1537-1719
OpenAlex
W1920973730
Cited by
1,960
References
31
Citations by year
2026: 18 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 71 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 69 · 2015: 68 · 2014: 107 · 2013: 97 · 2012: 89
FWCI
2.27
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Molecular Biology and Evolution (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Eye Institute
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
Keywords
Markov processes, codon usage bias, selective constraint, synonymous substitution rate, nonsynonymous substitution rate, phylogenetic estimation, nucleotide substitution models
MeSH terms
Animals, Chemistry, Physical, Codon, DNA, Genes, Globins, Mammals, Markov Chains, Models, Genetic, Nucleotidyltransferases, Phylogeny, Proteins, Likelihood Functions, Point Mutation, Glucose-1-Phosphate Adenylyltransferase, Chemical Phenomena

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review