The DOI matches its Crossref record; 83 of the 84 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
At Issue: Schizophrenia and Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Negative Association Revisited
Abstract
A strong negative association between schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), implying low comorbidity, has been found in 12 of 14 previous studies, which we review. To this literature we add two recently acquired data sets encompassing 28,953 schizophrenia patients, only 31 of whom had comorbid RA. Integrating our new data into those of the previous nine studies, which stratified their populations according to psychiatric diagnosis, we obtain a median frequency of RA in schizophrenia populations of 0.09 percent and a mean frequency of 0.66 percent, well below the expected range of 1 percent. These data robustly support prior studies. We also present a meta-analysis evaluating the association between the two diseases by integrating information derived from nine data sets, each furnishing an estimate of the relative risk of RA in schizophrenia patients versus that in other psychiatric patients. We find that the estimated rate of RA among schizophrenia patients is only 29 percent of the corresponding rate in other psychiatric patients. Further, the relative risk of RA in schizophrenia patients versus that in the general population is even less than 29 percent and could be as low as one-third of this value. We present a new hypothesis involving the platelet activating factor system in an effort to account for this negative association and review the suggestions of other investigators toward this end. Finally, we consider the glutamatergic system dysfunction hypothesis of schizophrenia and suggest a possible common pharmacological approach that may ameliorate some of the symptomatology of both schizophrenia and RA.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“A consistent finding is the negative relationship between schizophrenia and autoimmune diseases.”
From Excess early mortality in schizophrenia. (2014) · cites this paper as Oken & Schulzer 1999
In the citing paper
“Rheumatoid arthritis in particular has been shown to have a negative correlation with schizophrenia (Eaton et al. 1992(Eaton et al. , 2006;;Oken & Schulzer 1999).”
From Excess early mortality in schizophrenia. (2014) · cites this paper as Oken & Schulzer 1999
Citations
Cites
Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions
Fleiss, J. L., Levin, B., & Paik, M. C. (2003) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/0471445428 · Cited by 18,646
The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Richards, J. W. (1915) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.42.1074.161 · Cited by 13,941
The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results.
Rosenthal, R. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.638 · Cited by 9,068
Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions.
Everitt, B. S., & Fleiss, J. L. (1981) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2530193 · Cited by 9,034
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
Rc, A. N., On Filamentous Bacteriophage, M., Hoffmann, S., & Willbold, D. (1960) · Nature · doi:10.1038/186124d0 · Cited by 6,690
Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis.
Freeman, P. R., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1986) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2531069 · Cited by 4,840
Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions, 2nd ed
GROVE, W. A. (1981) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.138.12.1644-a · Cited by 3,756
The Handbook of Research Synthesis.
Howel, D., Cooper, H., & Hedges, L. V. (1995) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2533295 · Cited by 3,657
The Handbook of Research Synthesis.
Light, R. J., Cooper, H., & Hedges, L. V. (1994) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2291021 · Cited by 1,880
Glutamate receptor dysfunction and schizophrenia
Olney, J. W. (1995) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240016004 · Cited by 1,685
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Schizophrenia, “just the facts” 4. Clinical features and conceptualization
Tandon, R., Nasrallah, H. A., & Keshavan, M. S. (2009) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.03.005 · Cited by 1,101
Inflammatory cytokine alterations in schizophrenia: a systematic quantitative review
Potvin, S., Stip, E., Sepehry, A. A., Gendron, A., Bah, R., & Kouassi, E. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.09.024 · Cited by 858
Epidemiology and genetics of rheumatoid arthritis.
Silman, A. J., & Pearson, J. E. (2002) · Arthritis Research · doi:10.1186/ar578 · Cited by 985
Excess early mortality in schizophrenia.
Laursen, T. M., Nordentoft, M., & Mortensen, P. B. (2014) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153657 · Cited by 913
Physical illness and schizophrenia: a review of the literature
Leucht, S., Burkard, T., Henderson, J., Maj, M., & Sartorius, N. (2007) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.01095.x · Cited by 633
Metadata
- Authors
- Oken, R. J., & Schulzer, M.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Oken, R. J.
- Venue
- Schizophrenia Bulletin
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1999-01-01
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 625-638
- ISSN
- 0586-7614 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-1701
- OpenAlex
- W2100059339
- Cited by
- 129
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 0.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Schizophrenia Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Rheumatoid Arthritis Research and Therapies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Research
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, rheumatoid arthritis
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Arthritis, Rheumatoid, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Schizophrenia, Comorbidity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
