Understanding Wordscores

Lowe, Will

doi:10.1093/pan/mpn004

Cited by 166Computational and Text Analysis MethodsElectoral Systems and Political ParticipationSentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining

Understanding Wordscores

Open access

Lowe, Will·2008·Political Analysis

DOI 10.1093/pan/mpn004

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Wordscores is a widely used procedure for inferring policy positions, or scores, for new documents on the basis of scores for words derived from documents with known scores. It is computationally straightforward, requires no distributional assumptions, but has unresolved practical and theoretical problems. In applications, estimated document scores are on the wrong scale and the theoretical development does not specify a statistical model, so it is unclear what assumptions the method makes about political text and how to tell whether they fit particular text analysis applications. The first part of the paper demonstrates that badly scaled document score estimates reflect deeper problems with the method. The second part shows how to understand Wordscores as an approximation to correspondence analysis which itself approximates a statistical ideal point model for words. Problems with the method are identified with the conditions under which these layers of approximation fail to ensure consistent and unbiased estimation of the parameters of the ideal point model.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/pan/mpn004

Cites

19 of 19 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Facets of wordscores constrain the method and make it difficult to recommend for general use.
“But facets of wordscores constrain the method and make it difficult to recommend for general use (see Lowe 2008 for an extended critique).”
From Text as Data: The Promise and Pitfalls of Automatic Content Analysis Methods for Political Texts (2013) · cites this paper as Lowe 2008

Correspondence Analysis in Practice
Greenacre, M. J. (2007) · Chapman & Hall/CRC eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420011234 · Cited by 2,059 · see citing works
A Theory of Gradient Analysis
ter Braak, C. J. F., & Prentice, I. C. (2004) · Advances in ecological research/Advances in Ecological Research · doi:10.1016/s0065-2504(03)34003-6 · Cited by 1,975 · see citing works
Extracting Policy Positions from Political Texts Using Words as Data
LAVER, M., BENOIT, K., & GARRY, J. (2003) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055403000698 · Cited by 1,377 · see citing works
The Spatial Theory of Voting: An Introduction.
van der Ploeg, F., Enelow, J. M., & Hinich, J. M. (1985) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.2307/2233238 · Cited by 1,061 · see citing works
Reciprocal Averaging: An Eigenvector Method of Ordination
Hill, M. O. (1973) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.2307/2258931 · Cited by 1,034 · see citing works
Correspondence Analysis Handbook
Benzecri (1992) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9780585363035 · Cited by 928 · see citing works
Correspondence Analysis: A Neglected Multivariate Method
Hill, M. O. (1974) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C (Applied Statistics) · doi:10.2307/2347127 · Cited by 830 · see citing works
Item Response Theory
Baker, F. B., & Kim, S.-H. (2004) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781482276725 · Cited by 746 · see citing works
A Scaling Model for Estimating Time‐Series Party Positions from Texts
Slapin, J. B., & Proksch, S. (2008) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2008.00338.x · Cited by 684 · see citing works
Weighted averaging, logistic regression and the Gaussian response model
ter Braak, C. T., & Looman, C. (2004) · Vegetatio · doi:10.1007/bf00032121 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
Correspondence Analysis of Incidence and Abundance Data: Properties in Terms of a Unimodal Response Model
ter Braak, C. J. F. (1985) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2530959 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Multidimensional Analysis of Roll Call Data via Bayesian Simulation: Identification, Estimation, Inference, and Model Checking
Jackman, S. (2001) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1093/polana/9.3.227 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Simple Correspondence Analysis: A Bibliographic Review
Beh, E. J. (2004) · International Statistical Review · doi:10.1111/j.1751-5823.2004.tb00236.x · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Latent Variable Models and Factor Analysis
Jackson, J. E., & Bartholomew, D. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.1080/00401706.1989.10488532 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Structure Formelle des Textes et Communication
Mandelbrot, B. B. (1954) · WORD · doi:10.1080/00437956.1954.11659509 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Estimating policy positions using political texts: An evaluation of the Wordscores approach
Klemmensen, R., HOBOLT, S. B., & Hansen, M. E. (2007) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2007.07.006 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Estimating Irish party policy positions using computer wordscoring: the 2002 election – a research note
Benoit, K. R., & Laver, M. (2003) · Irish Political Studies · doi:10.1080/07907180312331293249 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Compared to What? A Comment on “A Robust Transformation Procedure for Interpreting Political Text” by Martin and Vanberg
Benoit, K. R., & Laver, M. (2007) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1093/pan/mpm020 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Using Principal Component Analysis and Correspondence Analysis for Estimation in Latent Variable Models
Lynn, H., & McCulloch, C. E. (2000) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.2000.10474232 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Text as Data: The Promise and Pitfalls of Automatic Content Analysis Methods for Political Texts
Grimmer, J., & Stewart, B. M. (2013) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1093/pan/mps028 · Cited by 3,297 · see citing works
How to analyze political attention with minimal assumptions and costs
Quinn, K. M., Monroe, B. L., Colaresi, M., Crespin, M. H., & Radev, D. R. (2010) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2009.00427.x · Cited by 671 · see citing works
Scaling Policy Preferences from Coded Political Texts
Lowe, W., Benoit, K. R., Mikhaylov, S., & Laver, M. (2011) · Legislative Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1939-9162.2010.00006.x · Cited by 654 · see citing works
Self-citation
Fightin' Words: Lexical Feature Selection and Evaluation for Identifying the Content of Political Conflict
Monroe, B. L., Colaresi, M. P., & Quinn, K. M. (2008) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1093/pan/mpn018 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Mapping the Ideological Marketplace
Bonica, A. (2014) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12062 · Cited by 680 · see citing works
Text Preprocessing For Unsupervised Learning: Why It Matters, When It Misleads, And What To Do About It
Denny, M. J., & Spirling, A. (2017) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1017/pan.2017.44 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
Large-Scale Computerized Text Analysis in Political Science: Opportunities and Challenges
Wilkerson, J., & Casas, A. (2017) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-052615-025542 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Measuring Interest Group Influence Using Quantitative Text Analysis
Klüver, H. (2009) · European Union Politics · doi:10.1177/1465116509346782 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Careerists Versus Coal-Miners: Welfare Reforms and the Substantive Representation of Social Groups in the British Labour Party
O’Grady, T. (2018) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/0010414018784065 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Multilingual Sentiment Analysis: A New Approach to Measuring Conflict in Legislative Speeches
Proksch, S., Lowe, W., Wäckerle, J., & Soroka, S. (2018) · Legislative Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1111/lsq.12218 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Self-citation
Measuring Political Positions from Legislative Speech
Lauderdale, B. E., & Herzog, A. (2016) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1093/pan/mpw017 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Understanding state preferences with text as data: Introducing the UN General Debate corpus
Baturo, A., Dasandi, N., & Mikhaylov, S. (2017) · Research & Politics · doi:10.1177/2053168017712821 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
How the refugee crisis and radical right parties shape party competition on immigration
Gessler, T., & Hunger, S. (2021) · Political Science Research and Methods · doi:10.1017/psrm.2021.64 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Strategic Ambiguity of Party Positions in Multi-Party Competition
Bräuninger, T., & Giger, N. (2016) · Political Science Research and Methods · doi:10.1017/psrm.2016.18 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Dimensions of political conflict and party positions in multi-level democracies: evidence from the Local Manifesto Project
Groß, M., & Jankowski, M. (2019) · West European Politics · doi:10.1080/01402382.2019.1602816 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
The Continent or the “Grand Large”? Strategic Culture and Operational Burden-Sharing in NATO
Becker, J. M., & Malesky, E. J. (2017) · International Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1093/isq/sqw039 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Estimating parties’ policy positions through voting advice applications: Some methodological considerations
Gemenis, K. (2012) · Acta Politica · doi:10.1057/ap.2012.36 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Coalition formation at the local level
Debus, M., & Groß, M. (2015) · Party Politics · doi:10.1177/1354068815576292 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Regional Government Formation in Varying Multilevel Contexts: A Comparison of Eight European Countries
Bäck, H., Debus, M., Müller, J. M., & Bäck, H. (2012) · Regional Studies · doi:10.1080/00343404.2012.733072 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Ideological Clarity in Multiparty Competition: A New Measure and Test Using Election Manifestos
Lo, J., Proksch, S., & Slapin, J. B. (2014) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0007123414000192 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Quantitative text analysis and the study of EU lobbying and interest groups
Bunea, A., & Ibenskas, R. (2015) · European Union Politics · doi:10.1177/1465116515577821 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Modeling Issue Definitions Using Quantitative Text Analysis
Nowlin, M. (2016) · Policy Studies Journal · doi:10.1111/psj.12110 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Estimating Intra-Party Preferences: Comparing Speeches to Votes
Schwarz, D. F., Traber, D., & Benoit, K. R. (2015) · Political Science Research and Methods · doi:10.1017/psrm.2015.77 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
On a Short Leash? Sub-National Party Positions between Regional Context and National Party Unity
Müller, J. M. (2012) · Journal of Elections Public Opinion and Parties · doi:10.1080/17457289.2012.742092 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Separating the Wheat from the Chaff: Applications of Automated Document Classification Using Support Vector Machines
D'Orazio, V. J., Landis, S. T., Palmer, G., & Schrodt, P. A. (2014) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1093/pan/mpt030 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Party Competition and Emotive Rhetoric
Kosmidis, S., HOBOLT, S. B., Molloy, E., & Whitefield, S. (2018) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/0010414018797942 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Quantifying the influence of the tobacco industry on EU governance: automated content analysis of the EU Tobacco Products Directive
Costa, H., Gilmore, A., Peeters, S., McKee, M., & Stückler, D. (2014) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051822 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Media Ownership and News Coverage of International Conflict
Baum, M., & Zhukov, Y. M. (2018) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2018.1483606 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Accidental rivals? EU fiscal rules, NATO, and transatlantic burden-sharing
Becker, J. M. (2019) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343319829690 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Estimating party positions on immigration: Assessing the reliability and validity of different methods
Ruedin, D., & Morales, L. (2017) · Party Politics · doi:10.1177/1354068817713122 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The Language of Autocrats: Leaders' Language in Natural Disaster Crises
Windsor, L., Dowell, N., & Graesser, A. C. (2014) · Risk Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy · doi:10.1002/rhc3.12068 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Text-Based Ideal Points
Vafa, K., Naidu, S., & Blei, D. M. (2020) · Proceedings of the conference - Association for Computational Linguistics. Meeting · doi:10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.475 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
The Determinants and Consequences of Big 4 Lobbying Positions on Proposed Financial Accounting Standards
Monsen, B. R. (2021) · Accounting Review · doi:10.2308/tar-2019-0283 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Does Deliberation Matter in FOMC Monetary Policymaking? The Volcker Revolution of 1979
Bailey, A. J., & Schonhardt-Bailey, C. (2008) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1093/pan/mpn005 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Party Positions from Wikipedia Classifications of Party Ideology
Herrmann, M., & Döring, H. (2021) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1017/pan.2021.28 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Assessing the Relationship between Economic News Coverage and Mass Economic Attitudes
Boydstun, A. E., Highton, B., & Linn, S. (2018) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1065912918775248 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Automated content analysis across six languages
Windsor, L., Cupit, J. G., & Windsor, A. J. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0224425 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Measuring parties’ ethnic appeals in democracies
Gadjanova, E. (2013) · Party Politics · doi:10.1177/1354068812472586 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Obtaining Party Positions on Immigration in Switzerland: Comparing Different Methods
Ruedin, D. (2013) · Swiss Political Science Review · doi:10.1111/spsr.12018 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Party Competition in Migration Debates: The Influence of the AfD on Party Positions in German State Parliaments
Atzpodien, D. S. (2020) · German Politics · doi:10.1080/09644008.2020.1860211 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Policy accommodation versus electoral turnover: policy representation in Britain, 1945–2015
Bartle, J., Avellaneda, S. D., & McGann, A. J. (2018) · Journal of Public Policy · doi:10.1017/s0143814x18000090 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
An iterative expert survey approach for estimating parties’ policy positions
Gemenis, K. (2015) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-014-0109-5 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Computers, coders, and voters: Comparing automated methods for estimating party positions
Hjorth, F., Klemmensen, R., HOBOLT, S. B., Hansen, M. E., & Kurrild-Klitgaard, P. (2015) · Research & Politics · doi:10.1177/2053168015580476 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Left–right reversed
Aydogan, A., & Slapin, J. B. (2013) · Party Politics · doi:10.1177/1354068813487280 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
#Polar Scores: Measuring partisanship using social media content
Hemphill, L., Culotta, A., & Heston, M. (2016) · Journal of Information Technology & Politics · doi:10.1080/19331681.2016.1214093 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Can Elections Motivate Responsiveness in a Single-Party Regime? Experimental Evidence from Vietnam
Malesky, E. J., Todd, J. D., & Tran, A. (2022) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055422000879 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Tweeting apart: Democratic backsliding, new party cleavage and changing media ownership in Turkey
Metin, O. F., & Morales, P. R. (2022) · Party Politics · doi:10.1177/13540688221135019 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Local political space: Localism, the left-right dimension and anti-elitism
Otjes, S. (2023) · Party Politics · doi:10.1177/13540688231168993 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Multidimensional political polarization in online social networks
Peralta, A. F., Morales, P. R., Kertész, J., & Íñiguez, G. (2024) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.6.013170 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Die Bedeutung des regionalen Kontexts für die programmatische Positionierung von Schweizer Kantonalparteien1
Giger, N., Müller, J. M., & Debus, M. (2011) · Swiss Political Science Review · doi:10.1111/j.1662-6370.2011.02020.x · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Central Bank Communication about Climate Change
Arseneau, D. M., Drexler, A. H., & Osada, M. (2022) · Finance and Economics Discussion Series · doi:10.17016/feds.2022.031 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Reading the Tea Leaves: Medvedev's Presidency through Political Rhetoric of Federal and Sub-National Actors
Baturo, A., & Mikhaylov, S. (2014) · Europe Asia Studies · doi:10.1080/09668136.2014.926716 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Transatlantic Shakedown: Presidential Shaming and NATO Burden Sharing
Becker, J. M., Kreps, S. E., Poast, P., & Terman, R. (2023) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/00220027231167840 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Textual analysis of sugar industry influence on the World Health Organization’s 2015 sugars intake guideline
Stückler, D., Reeves, A., Loopstra, R., & McKee, M. (2016) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.15.165852 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Automating Content Analysis of Open-Ended Responses:WordscoresandAffective Intonation
Baek, Y. M., Cappella, J. N., & Bindman, A. (2011) · Communication Methods and Measures · doi:10.1080/19312458.2011.624489 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Validating Wordscores: The Promises and Pitfalls of Computational Text Scaling
Bruinsma, B., & Gemenis, K. (2019) · Communication Methods and Measures · doi:10.1080/19312458.2019.1594741 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Life of Brian Revisited: Assessing Informational and Non-Informational Leadership Tools
Baturo, A., & Mikhaylov, S. (2013) · Political Science Research and Methods · doi:10.1017/psrm.2013.3 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Ideological Scaling of Social Media Users: A Dynamic Lexicon Approach
Temporão, M., Kerckhove, C. V., van der Linden, C., Dufresne, Y., & Hendrickx, J. M. (2018) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1017/pan.2018.30 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Competing for the platform
Victor, J. N., & Reinhardt, G. Y. (2016) · Party Politics · doi:10.1177/1354068816678888 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
‘Sowing the Seeds of Love’? Determinants of Local Coalition Formation and Termination between the CDU and the Greens, 1994–2016
Groß, M. (2017) · German Politics · doi:10.1080/09644008.2017.1337098 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Measuring Partisan Media Bias Cross‐Nationally
Castro, L. (2021) · Swiss Political Science Review · doi:10.1111/spsr.12459 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Did They Mind the Gap? Voter/Party Ideological Proximity between the BQ, the NDP and Quebec Voters, 2006–2011
Gauvin, J., Chhim, C., & Medeiros, M. (2016) · Canadian Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s000842391600038x · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Studying Political Decision Making With Automatic Text Analysis
van Atteveldt, W., Welbers, K., & van der Velden, M. A. C. G. (2019) · Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.957 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Exploring Soft Concepts with Hard Corpus-Analytic Methods
Kantner, C., & Overbeck, M. (2020) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110693973-008 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Unfolding the dimensionality structure of social networks in ideological embeddings
Morales, P. R., Cointet, J., & Zolotoochin, G. M. (2021) · IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM) · doi:10.1145/3487351.3489441 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The Quantitative Analysis of Space Policy: A Review of Current Methods and Future Directions
Pomeroy, C. (2018) · Space Policy · doi:10.1016/j.spacepol.2018.08.001 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Inferring attitudinal spaces in social networks
Morales, P. R., Cointet, J., Zolotoochin, G. M., Peralta, A. F., Íñiguez, G., & Pournaki, A. (2022) · Social Network Analysis and Mining · doi:10.1007/s13278-022-01013-4 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Political Text Scaling Meets Computational Semantics
Nanni, F., Glavas, G., Rehbein, I., Ponzetto, S. P., & Stuckenschmidt, H. (2019) · Trans. Data Sci. · doi:10.1145/3485666 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Does the left–right cleavage matter in local politics? An analysis of local party manifestos across municipal sizes
Reuse, R. (2024) · Swiss Political Science Review · doi:10.1111/spsr.12639 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Koalitionsbildung in deutschen Großstädten: Empirische Befunde aus Nordrhein-Westfalen
Groß, M. (2014) · Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft · doi:10.5771/1430-6387-2014-1-2-109 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The policy mood in Spain: the thermostat in a warm climate, 1978–2017
Bartle, J., Bosch, A., & Orriols, L. (2020) · European Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s175577392000003x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The Myth of Power-Sharing and Polarisation: Evidence from Northern Ireland
Whiting, M., & Bauchowitz, S. (2020) · Political Studies · doi:10.1177/0032321720948662 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Beyond standardization: a comprehensive review of topic modeling validation methods for computational social science research
Bernhard-Harrer, J., Ashour, R., Eberl, J., Tolochko, P., & Boomgaarden, H. G. (2025) · Political Science Research and Methods · doi:10.1017/psrm.2025.10008 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Consociational and rational coalitions: Norm-based government formation and the case of the Dutch provinces
Klingelhöfer, T., & Müller, J. M. (2013) · Acta Politica · doi:10.1057/ap.2013.36 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Introduction to the Virtual Issue: Recent Innovations in Text Analysis for Social Science
Roberts, M. E. (2016) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1017/s1047198700014418 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Can automated content analysis be used to assess and improve the use of evidence in mental health policy? A systematic review
Alla, K., Oprescu, F., Hall, W., Whiteford, H., Head, B. W., & Meurk, C. (2018) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-018-0853-z · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Comparative Public Policy Analysis: Shortcomings, Pitfalls, and Avenues for the Future
Wenzelburger, G., & Jensen, C. (2022) · Politische Vierteljahresschrift · doi:10.1007/s11615-022-00390-x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Public opinion and government policy in Britain: A case of congruence, amplification or dampening?
WARWICK, P. V. (2014) · European Journal of Political Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12069 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Quantitative Content Analysis of Chinese Texts?: A Methodological Note
Chen, Y.-W. (2011) · Journal of Chinese Political Science · doi:10.1007/s11366-011-9164-0 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Political Speech from Corporate America: Sparse, Mostly for Democrats, and Somewhat Representative
Barari, S. (2024) · Journal of Quantitative Description Digital Media · doi:10.51685/jqd.2024.icwsm.5 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Moral Epistemology and Ideological Conflict in American Political Behavior*
Gibson, T., & Hare, C. (2015) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/ssqu.12217 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The promise and pitfall of automated text-scaling techniques for the analysis of jurisprudential change
Dyèvre, A. (2020) · Artificial Intelligence and Law · doi:10.1007/s10506-020-09274-0 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Measuring the Accuracy of Social Network Ideological Embeddings Using Language Models
Morales, P. R., & Zolotoochin, G. M. (2022) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-96293-7_24 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Die Piratenpartei in der ideologischprogrammatischen Parteienkonstellation Deutschlands: Das Füllen einer Lücke?
Debus, M., & Faas, T. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-19475-2_11 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The Nuts and Bolts of Automated Text Analysis. Comparing Different Document Pre-Processing Techniques in Four CountriesPreprint
Greene, Z., Cerón, A., Schumacher, G., & Fazekas, Z. (2016) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/ghxj8 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Text-Mining Imf Country Reports – An Original DatasetPreprint
Mihályi, D., & Mate, A. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3268934 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
When do voters perceive intra-party conflict? A democratic life cycle perspective
Klingelhöfer, T., & Müller, J. M. (2023) · European Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s1755773923000243 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Automatic Content Analysis of Social Media Short Texts: Scoping Review of Methods and Tools
Kasperiūnienė, J., Briedienė, M., & Žydžiūnaitė, V. (2019) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-31787-4_7 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Reliability and Validity in Automated Content Analysis
Soroka, S. (2014) · Advances in linguistics and communication studies · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-4999-6.ch020 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Party Competition and Vote Choice
Spies, D. C., & Franzmann, S. T. (2019) · KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie · doi:10.1007/s11577-019-00611-z · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Analysis of Text-Analysis Syllabi: Building a Text-Analysis Syllabus Using Scaling
Fréchet, N., Savoie, J., & Dufresne, Y. (2019) · PS Political Science & Politics · doi:10.1017/s1049096519001732 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Integration culture of global banks and the transmission of lending shocks
Barth, A., & Radev, D. (2021) · Journal of Banking & Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jbankfin.2021.106338 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Population Ecology and European interest Groups Over Time: A Data Set
Sorurbakhsh, L. (2013) · European Political Science · doi:10.1057/eps.2013.36 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Auditing the audits: evaluating methodologies for social media recommender system audits
Bouchaud, P., & Morales, P. R. (2024) · Applied Network Science · doi:10.1007/s41109-024-00668-6 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Parteienwettbewerb, Regierungsbildung und Ergebnisse der Koalitionsverhandlungen nach der Bundestagswahl 2009
Debus, M. (2011) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-93223-1_13 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Role of Language in the Automatic Coding of Political Texts
Ruedin, D. (2013) · Swiss Political Science Review · doi:10.1111/spsr.12050 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Time-dependent Poisson reduced rank models for political text data analysis
Jentsch, C., Lee, E. R., & Mammen, E. (2019) · Computational Statistics & Data Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.csda.2019.106813 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Migration Policy Framing in Political Discourse: Evidence from Canada and the USA
Hajdinjak, S., Morris, M. H., & Amos, T. (2019) · Computational social sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-29333-8_5 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
State Supreme Court Ideology and 'New Style' Judicial CampaignsPreprint
Bonica, A., & Woodruff, M. J. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2169664 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
euandi: Project Description and Datasets DocumentationPreprint
Garzia, D., Trechsel, A. H., Sio, L. D., & Angelis, A. D. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2553919 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Authors: Lowe, W.
Affiliations: University of Nottingham (GB)
Corresponding author: Lowe, Will
ORCID: Lowe, Will
Venue: Political Analysis
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2008
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Pages: 356-371
ISSN: 1047-1987 (ISSN-L)
1476-4989
DOI: 10.1093/pan/mpn004
OpenAlex: W4243557737
Cited by: 166
References: 19
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 26.03
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
doi.org
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 3291 d)
Locations: Political Analysis (publishedVersion)
SSRN Electronic Journal (acceptedVersion)
MADOC (University of Mannheim) (acceptedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › General Social Sciences › Computational and Text Analysis Methods
Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining
Keywords: Wordscores, document scoring, correspondence analysis, ideal point model, scale estimation, estimation bias, political text analysis

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Understanding Wordscores

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks