The DOI matches its Crossref record; 84 of the 88 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Identity, Beliefs, and Political Conflict
Open accessAbstract
We present a theory of identity politics that builds on two ideas. First, when policy conflict renders a certain social divide—economic or cultural—salient, a voter identifies with her economic or cultural group. Second, the voter slants her beliefs toward the stereotype of the group she identifies with. We obtain three implications. First, voters’ beliefs are polarized along the distinctive features of salient groups. Second, if the salience of cultural policies increases, cultural conflict rises, redistributive conflict falls, and polarization becomes more correlated across issues. Third, economic shocks hurting conservative voters may trigger a switch to cultural identity, causing these voters to demand less redistribution. We discuss U.S. survey evidence in light of these implications.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“One possible explanation is the rise of identity politics, where: “[s]ince 2010, the political systems of the United States and other advanced democracies have undergone a momentous change… conflict over cultural issues such as immigration, race, and abortion has strengthened” (Bonomi et al., 2021(Bonomi et al., , p. 2371)).”
From Measuring affective polarization: Matching concepts to measures (2026) · cites this paper as Bonomi et al., 2021
Citations
Cites
The Social psychology of intergroup relations
Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,577
Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self‐Categorization Theory
REID, F. J. M. (1987) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00799.x · Cited by 8,145
The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion
Zaller, J. R. (1992) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511818691 · Cited by 7,785 · cited 1×
“A long-standing tradition in studies of mass opinion holds that individual beliefs change when a political or socioeconomic group is primed (Zaller 1992; Janky 2018; Han and Wackman 2017).”
Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory.
Willer, D., Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1989) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2073157 · Cited by 7,207
Akerlof, G., & Kranton, R. (2000) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/003355300554881 · Cited by 5,824
Social categorization and intergroup behaviour
Tajfel, H., Billig, M. G., Bundy, R. P., & Flament, C. (1971) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420010202 · Cited by 5,562
The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion.
Kenski, H. C., & Zaller, J. R. (1993) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2074664 · Cited by 5,150
The righteous mind: why good people are divided by politics and religion
(2012) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.49-7185 · Cited by 4,347
Political Economics: Explaining Economic Policy
Bucovetsky, S., Persson, T., & Tabellini, G. (2002) · Southern Economic Journal · doi:10.2307/1061733 · Cited by 3,772
Self-citationCultural Backlash: Trump, Brexit, and Authoritarian Populism
Norris, P., & Inglehart, R. (2019) · doi:10.1017/9781108595841 · Cited by 2,986
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Goodhart, 2017, The Road to Somwhere: The New Tribes Shaping British Politics
- Hinkle, 1990, Intergroup Comparisons and Social Identity: Some Links and Lacunae
- Oakes, 1987, The Salience of Social Categories, 117
- Tajfel, 1979, An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict, 33
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 215
Attack on Climate: The Persistent Effects of Authoritarianism on Climate Policy Equilibria
Surdea‐Hernea, V. (2025) · Economics of Transition and Institutional Change · doi:10.1111/ecot.12446 · Cited by 2
Identity, Information, and Situations
Pennesi, D. (2023) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1093/jeea/jvad033 · Cited by 2
Follow the Crowd: But Who Follows, Who Counteracts, and Which Crowd?Preprint
Dekel, I., & Shayo, M. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4320237 · Cited by 2
Trust and accountability in times of pandemics
Martínez-Bravo, M., & Sanz, C. (2023) · Documentos de trabajo/Documento de trabajo - Banco de España, Servicio de Estudios · doi:10.53479/29471 · Cited by 2
Is the Global Economy Deglobalizing?: And If So, Why? And What Is Next?
Reed, T., & Goldberg, P. K. (2023) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-10392 · Cited by 2
The Price of Identity: Overoptimism and Congruence ConcernsPreprint
Donkor, K., Goette, L. F., Müller, M. W., Dimant, E., & Kurschilgen, M. J. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4670092 · Cited by 3
The Repression-dissent Nexus in High-threat Environments: Evidence From Communist RomaniaPreprint
Surdea‐Hernea, V., & Plopeanu, A. P. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4828983 · Cited by 2
Culture and Contemporary Political Preferences
Fouka, V., & Tabellini, M. (2025) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w33786 · Cited by 2
Decoupling Taste-Based versus Statistical Discrimination in Elections
de Albuquerque, A., Finan, F., Jha, A., Karpuska, L., & Trebbi, F. (2025) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w33859 · Cited by 2
Measuring affective polarization: Matching concepts to measures
Druckman, J. N., Klar, S., Krupnikov, Y., Levendusky, M., & Ryan, J. B. (2026) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.70152 · Cited by 1
Trust and accountability in times of crisis
Martínez-Bravo, M., & Sanz, C. (2024) · Economica · doi:10.1111/ecca.12556 · Cited by 1
Garance Genicot, A., & Debraj Ray, B. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/bs.hoec.2024.10.009 · Cited by 1
Trade shocks and relative consumption: why the European middle class is turning far right
Marzinotto, B. (2025) · Review of International Political Economy · doi:10.1080/09692290.2025.2454911 · Cited by 1
Nielsen, R. S. H., Breidahl, K. N., & Hedegaard, T. F. (2025) · Scandinavian Political Studies · doi:10.1111/1467-9477.70010 · Cited by 2
Morelli, M. (2025) · International Tax and Public Finance · doi:10.1007/s10797-025-09916-6 · Cited by 1
The Repression-Dissent Nexus in High-Threat Environments: Evidence From the Romanian Gulag
Surdea‐Hernea, V., & Plopeanu, A. P. (2025) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/00104140251381752 · Cited by 1
Divine Policy: The Impact of Religion in Government
Bentzen, J., Pizzigolotto, A., & Sperling, L. L. (2025) · American Economic Journal Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.20240018 · Cited by 1
Group identities and party competition
Zuber, C. I., Howe, P. J., & Szöcsik, E. (2026) · European Journal of Political Research · doi:10.1017/s1475676526100723 · Cited by 2
What drives pro-EU preferences? Territorial identities, immigration and redistribution attitudes
Mauerer, I. D., Pili, A., & Puy, M. S. (2026) · European Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2026.102827 · Cited by 1
Baron, D. P. (2022) · Journal of Theoretical Politics · doi:10.1177/09516298221130261 · Cited by 1
Immigration and Perceived Social Position. Insights from an Unintended Survey Experiment
Fazio, A., & Florio, E. (2023) · The B E Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy · doi:10.1515/bejeap-2022-0337 · Cited by 1
Boundary conditions of the rational model: Finding the limits of rationality
Steel, P., & Hendijani, R. (2024) · Advances in motivation science · doi:10.1016/bs.adms.2024.03.002 · Cited by 4
Leveraging unsupervised machine learning to examine women's vulnerability to climate change
Caruso, G. D., Mueller, V., & Villacis, A. H. (2024) · Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy · doi:10.1002/aepp.13444 · Cited by 2
Sharma, P. (2025) · Economic and Labour Relations Review · doi:10.1017/elr.2025.21 · Cited by 1
Smirnov, E. N. (2025) · Mezhdunarodnaja jekonomika (The World Economics) · doi:10.33920/vne-04-2506-01 · Cited by 1
Political inequality, political participation, and support for populist parties
Kellermann, K. L. (2021) · Constitutional Political Economy · doi:10.1007/s10602-021-09357-3 · Cited by 2
Globalization, Government Popularity, and the Great Skill DividePreprint
Aksoy, C. G., Guriev, S. M., & Treisman, D. S. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3100721 · Cited by 1
International trade: Smarten up to talk the talk
Haas, L., & Schenk–Hoppé, K. R. (2023) · Manchester School · doi:10.1111/manc.12458 · Cited by 2
Sha, W. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3974421 · Cited by 1
Is Secessionism Mostly About Income or Identity? A Global Analysis of 3,003 Subnational Regions
Klaus Desmet, A., Ortuño-Ortı́n, I., & Özak, Ö. (2022) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w30428 · Cited by 1
Tax Decentralization, Preferences for Redistribution, and Regional IdentitiesPreprint
Foremny, D. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4741088 · Cited by 1
Richter, D., & Richter, M. (2024) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/2p38n · Cited by 1
The Shadows of a Shattered Economy: How Persistent are Increases in Extremist Voting?⋆Preprint
Liebald, M. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4868253 · Cited by 1
Youngism: Discrimination and StereotypesPreprint
Bartoš, V., Bauer, M., Cahlíková, J., & Chytilová, J. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5042477 · Cited by 2
Partisan ConsumersPreprint
Hsieh, C. H., Low, A., Sharma, V., & Zhu, Q. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5046064 · Cited by 1
The Political Consequences of Household Wealth Shocks: Evidence from ItalyPreprint
Angioni, G., Chwieroth, J. M., Hopkin, J., & Walter, A. (2020) · doi:10.33774/apsa-2020-xx1bk
The Political Effects of Immigration: Culture or Economics?Preprint
Alesina, A., & Tabellini, M. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4122808 · Cited by 1
Globalization, Government Popularity, and the Great Skill DividePreprint
Aksoy, C. G., Guriev, S. M., & Treisman, D. S. (2022) · SocArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/256eh
Political Economy of Identity Formation: Theory and Evidence from IndiaPreprint
Bhattacharya, S., Mukherjee, A., & Paul, S. K. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3780674
Aspects of globalization of employment in the European Union
Angheluță, P. S., Gombos, S. P., Rotaru, C., & Kant, A. (2021) · SHS Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/shsconf/202112908001
Immigration and Redistribution
Stantcheva, S. (2018) · AEA Randomized Controlled Trials · doi:10.1257/rct.3342-1.0
Globalisation, Government Popularity and the Great Skills DividePreprint
Aksoy, C. G., Guriev, S. M., & Treisman, D. S. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3188894
Is Secessionism Mostly About Income or Identity? A Global Analysis of 3,003 Subnational RegionsPreprint
Klaus Desmet, A., Ortuño-Ortı́n, I., & Özak, Ö. (2022) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/bq2yr
Cloudy, J., Banks, J., & Bowman, N. D. (2022) · Technology Mind and Behavior · doi:10.1037/tmb0000083.supp
Упередження про політику як мотиваційна складова молодіжного абсентеїзму
Kryzhanivska, V. I. (2023) · Grani · doi:10.15421/172283
Political power and the influence of minorities: theory and evidence from ItalyPreprint
Righetto, G. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4389533
Moral BoundariesPreprint
Enke, B. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4574646
Essays in Political Economy: Drivers of Polarization
Matzat, J. (2023) · eDiss (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) · doi:10.53846/goediss-10121
Selective Memory and Perceived Political PolarizationPreprint
Cai, P. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4598389
Culture Wars and Human Capital: Evidence from the "Fundamentalist-Modernist" ControversyPreprint
Reisinger, J. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4602593
Effects of Political Leaders' Speech on Violence Against WomenPreprint
Mosquera, R., & Herrera, M. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4629586
Segregation and the March Right: Extreme Politics in England and WalesPreprint
Tarquninio, L., & Vallenas, S. V. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4642784
The Price of Identity: Overoptimism and Congruence ConcernsPreprint
Donkor, K., Goette, L. F., Müller, M. W., Dimant, E., & Kurschilgen, M. J. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4692412
Information about Inequality in Early Child Care Reduces Polarization in Policy PreferencesPreprint
Hermes, H., Lergetporer, P., Mierisch, F., Schwerdt, G., & Wiederhold, S. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4717749
The Civil War and Racial Hate in the US SouthPreprint
Masera, F., Rosenberg, M., & Walker, S. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4718942
Political Economy of Identity Formation: Theory and Evidence from IndiaPreprint
Bhattacharya, S., Mukherjee, A., & Paul, S. K. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4819921
Bottasso, A., Cerruti, G., Conti, M., & Santagata, M. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4827171
Accinelli, E., & Muñiz, H. (2024) · Ensayos Revista de Economía · doi:10.29105/ensayos43.2-3
Religion, Identity, and PreferencesPreprint
Teeselink, B. K., & Melios, G. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4884032
The repression-dissent nexus in high-threat environments: Evidence from communist RomaniaPreprint
Surdea‐Hernea, V., & Plopeanu, A. P. (2024) · doi:10.33774/apsa-2024-9t7c5
Divide and Diverge: Polarization IncentivesPreprint
Bonomi, G. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4990250
Self-citationBringing in the Far Right: The Electoral Impact of the French Algerian RepatriatesPreprint
Remigereau, C. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5006749
Myths and fitness interdependence: Beyond coalitional longevity
Friedman, R. Z. (2024) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x24000797
Disagreement SpilloversPreprint
Bonomi, G. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5088595
Self-citationSocio-Economics, Macroeconomics, and Finance
Tsoukis, C., Tournemaine, F., & Driffill, E. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-77748-6_8
Do Consumers Spend Their Money Where Their Votes Are? Ideology Distance and Local SalesPreprint
Chen, L., Hu, M., Ma, L., & Ye, X. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5251614
Tax Decentralization, Preferences for Redistribution, and Regional IdentitiesPreprint
Foremny, D. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5255764
Gender minority: A non-pecuniary approach to political capital
Cai, Q., Li, D., & Liu, H. (2025) · Journal of Comparative Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jce.2025.05.007
Follow, Ignore, or Counteract: On Social Identity, Social Learning, and PolarizationPreprint
Dekel, I., & Shayo, M. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5286190
Dynamic Trust Erosion Under Noisy Signals a Theory of Institutional DegradationPreprint
Petrakis, I. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5343754
Bringing in the Far Right the Electoral Impact of the French Algerian RepatriatesPreprint
Remigereau, C. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5352694
LUO, Y. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5387015
Moderation or Radicalization? The Strategic Use of Hostile Rhetoric in ElectionsPreprint
Saporiti, A. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5386998
Qiu, X., & Wu, S.-S. (2025) · Papers in Applied Geography · doi:10.1080/23754931.2025.2545490
E Pluribus Unum: AI-assisted Consensus BuildingPreprint
Becchetti, L., Cerase, G., Fagnoni, E., & Quintarelli, S. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5399249
Women, immigration attitudes, and immigration policies in Europe: EU immigrants vs non-EU immigrants
Lee, K. (2025) · Economic Analysis and Policy · doi:10.1016/j.eap.2025.08.045 · Cited by 1
Places versus people: the ins and outs of labor market adjustment to globalization
Autor, D., Dorn, D., Hanson, G., Jones, M. R., & Setzler, B. (2025) · Handbook of labour economics · doi:10.1016/bs.heslab.2025.07.004 · Cited by 1
Vilbig, K. (2025) · British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1111/1468-4446.70032 · Cited by 1
Colson-Sihra, E., de Sousa, J., & Mayer, T. (2025) · Journal of Urban Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jue.2025.103800
Sels, T., & Kovács, B. (2025) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2023.01798
Legitimizing MythsPreprint
McGee, D. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5698480
The Business of the Culture WarPreprint
Noy, S., & Rao, A. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5694622
Conflict and Knowledge Flows: Evidence From the 9/11 Attacks
Bao, C. G., Cui, J., & Tie, Y. (2025) · Review of International Economics · doi:10.1111/roie.70034
Qiu, J., Wu, H., & Zhang, L. (2025) · Accounting and Finance · doi:10.1111/acfi.70146
Janky, B. (2025) · Journal of Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe · doi:10.1080/25739638.2025.2597799
A Comment on: “Presidential Address: Identity Politics” by Nicola Gennaioli and Guido Tabellini
Trebbi, F. (2025) · Econometrica · doi:10.3982/ecta24038
A Comment on: “Presidential Address: Identity Politics” by Nicola Gennaioli and Guido Tabellini
Bó, E. D. (2025) · Econometrica · doi:10.3982/ecta24429
Huijsmans, T. (2025) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783111600215-005
The economics and psychology of carbon tax acceptance Evidence from a randomized survey experimentPreprint
Fang, X., & Innocenti, S. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6182861
Race and redistribution in the United States: An experimental analysis
Akesson, J., Hahn, R. W., Metcalfe, R., & Rasooly, I. (2026) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2025.105555
Legitimizing MythsPreprint
McGee, D. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6281839
Banking on Politics: How County Partisan Identity Shapes Deposit AllocationPreprint
Faisal, N. A., & Garcia, A. C. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6251379
Druckman, J. N., & Sharrow, E. A. (2026) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10659129261433979 · Cited by 1
Breaking bias: pathways to reducing discrimination
Bartoš, V. (2026) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781035307272.00021
Bottasso, A., Cerruti, G., Conti, M., & Santagata, M. (2026) · Journal of Population Economics · doi:10.1007/s00148-026-01155-1
The Political Economy of National IdentityPreprint
Gidron, N., & Shayo, M. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6377819
The economics and psychology of carbon tax acceptance Evidence from a randomized survey experimentPreprint
Fang, X., & Innocenti, S. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6515175
Essays in Political Economy of Media and Social Media
Madinier, E. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/d497cdd3z3106z4f9fz93baz0ca5a77b404e
The dynamics of normative change
Krutaj, J. (2024) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/dd8c8c13zdeb0z4cb3z94d8z2da2eccc832d
The Determinants of acceptability of environmental policies
Ibarra, S. I. (2024) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/2a470fe9zda83z4311za398z8889002c1795
Metadata
- Authors
- Bonomi, G., Gennaioli, N., & Tabellini, G.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Bocconi University (IT)
- Venue
- The Quarterly Journal of Economics
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2021-09-10
- Volume
- 136
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 2371-2411
- ISSN
- 0033-5533 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-4650
- OpenAlex
- W3200887357
- Cited by
- 213
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 57 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 15
- FWCI
- 96.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Quarterly Journal of Economics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Archivio istituzionale della Ricerca - Bocconi (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Social Policy and Reform Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- identity politics, political polarization, group identification, belief polarization, cultural conflict, economic shocks, conservative voters, social identity, policy conflict
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review