The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Immigration, Skill Mix, and Capital Skill Complementarity
Abstract
Over the past thirty years, U.S. manufacturing plants invested heavily in automation machinery. This paper shows these investments substituted for the least-skilled workers and complemented middle-skilled workers at equipment and fabricated metal plants. Specifically, it exploits the fact that some metropolitan areas experienced faster growth in the relative supply of less-skilled labor in the 1980s and 1990s due to an immigration wave and the tendency of immigrants to regionally cluster. Plants in these areas adopted significantly less machinery per unit output, despite having similar adoption plans initially. The results imply that fixed rental rates for automation machinery reduce the effect that immigration has on less-skilled relative wages.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Skill Content of Recent Technological Change: An Empirical Exploration
Autor, D. H., Levy, F., & Murnane, R. J. (2003) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/003355303322552801 · Cited by 6,205
Changes in Relative Wages, 1963-1987: Supply and Demand Factors
Katz, L. F., & Murphy, K. M. (1992) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/2118323 · Cited by 4,793
The Skill Content of Recent Technological Change: An Empirical Exploration
Autor, D., Levy, F., & Murnane, R. (2001) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w8337 · Cited by 2,587
Trends in U.S. Wage Inequality: Revising the Revisionists
Autor, D. H., Katz, L. F., & Kearney, M. S. (2008) · Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest.90.2.300 · Cited by 2,385
Lousy and Lovely Jobs: The Rising Polarization of Work in Britain
Goos, M., & Manning, A. (2007) · Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest.89.1.118 · Cited by 2,285
Capital-skill Complementarity and Inequality: A Macroeconomic Analysis
(2000) · doi:10.1111/1468-0262.00150 · Cited by 2,106
Berman, E., Bound, J., & Griliches, Z. (1994) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/2118467 · Cited by 1,870
Immigrant Inflows, Native Outflows, and the Local Labor Market Impacts of Higher Immigration
Card, D. (2001) · Journal of Labor Economics · doi:10.1086/209979 · Cited by 1,772
The Race between Education and Technology
(2010) · The Race between Education and Technology · doi:10.2307/j.ctvjf9x5x.11 · Cited by 1,634
The polarization of the U.S. labor market
Autor, D. H., Katz, L. F., & Kearney, M. S. (2006) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/000282806777212620 · Cited by 1,594
Cited by
Trade Adjustment: Worker-Level Evidence *
Autor, D. H., Dorn, D., Hanson, G. H., & Song, J. (2014) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qju026 · Cited by 803
The Effect of Immigration along the Distribution of Wages
Dustmann, C., Frattini, T., & Preston, I. P. (2013) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1093/restud/rds019 · Cited by 769
Acemoglu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2022) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1093/restud/rdab031 · Cited by 586
Why has regional income convergence in the U.S. declined?
Ganong, P., & Shoag, D. (2017) · Journal of Urban Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jue.2017.07.002 · Cited by 474
Immigrants' Effect on Native Workers: New Analysis on Longitudinal Data
Foged, M., & Peri, G. (2016) · American Economic Journal: Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.20150114 · Cited by 329
Metadata
- Authors
- Lewis, E.
- Venue
- The Quarterly Journal of Economics
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2011-05-01
- Volume
- 126
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1029-1069
- ISSN
- 0033-5533 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-4650
- OpenAlex
- W2001374363
- Cited by
- 422
- References
- 47
- FWCI
- 54.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Immigration, Skill Mix, and Capital Skill Complementarity. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1093/qje/qjr011
- The paper
- Lewis, E. (2011). Immigration, Skill Mix, and Capital Skill Complementarity. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjr011
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.