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Mental health in the COVID-19 pandemic
Open accessAbstract
During any outbreak of an infectious disease, the population’s psychological reactions play a critical role in shaping both spread of the disease and the occurrence of emotional distress and social disorder during and after the outbreak. Despite this fact, sufficient resources are typically not provided to manage or attenuate pandemics’ effects on mental health and wellbeing.1 While this might be understandable in the acute phase of an outbreak, when health systems prioritize testing, reducing transmission and critical patient care, psychological and psychiatric needs should not be overlooked during any phase of pandemic management. There are many reasons for this. It is known that psychological factors play an important role in adherence to public health measures (such as vaccination) and in how people cope with the threat of infection and consequent losses.1 These are clearly crucial issues to consider in the management of any infectious disease, including COVID-19. Psychological reactions to pandemics include maladaptive behaviours, emotional distress and defensive responses.1 People who are prone to psychological problems are especially vulnerable. All of these features are in clear evidence during the current COVID-19 pandemic. One study of 1210 respondents from 194 cities in China in January and February 2020 found that 54% of respondents rated the psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak as moderate or severe; 29% reported moderate to severe anxiety symptoms; and 17% reported moderate to severe depressive symptoms.2 Notwithstanding possible response bias, these are very high proportions—and it is likely that some people are at even greater risk. During the 2009 H1N1 influenza outbreak (‘swine flu’), a study of mental health patients found that children and patients with neurotic and somatoform disorders were significantly over-represented among those expressing moderate or severe concerns.3 Against this background, and as the COVID-19 pandemic continues to spread around the world, we hypothesize a number of psychological impacts that merit consideration now rather than later. In the first instance, it should be recognized that, even in the normal course of events, people with established mental illness have a lower life expectancy and poorer physical health outcomes than the general population.4 As a result, people with pre-existing mental health and substance use disorders will be at increased risk of infection with COVID-19, increased risk of having problems accessing testing and treatment and increased risk of negative physical and psychological effects stemming from the pandemic. Second, we anticipate a considerable increase in anxiety and depressive symptoms among people who do not have pre-existing mental health conditions, with some experiencing post-traumatic stress disorder in due course. There is already evidence that this possibility has been under-recognized in China during the current pandemic.5 Third, it can be anticipated that health and social care professionals will be at particular risk of psychological symptoms, especially if they work in public health, primary care, emergency services, emergency departments and intensive or critical care. The World Health Organization has formally recognized this risk to healthcare workers,6 so more needs to be done to manage anxiety and stress in this group and, in the longer term, help prevent burnout, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. There are several steps that can and should be taken now to minimize the psychological and psychiatric effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. First, while it might be ostensibly attractive to re-deploy mental health professionals to work in other areas of healthcare, this should be avoided. Such a move would almost certainly worsen outcomes overall and place people with mental illness at disproportionate risk of deteriorations in physical and mental health. If anything, this group needs enhanced care at this time. Second, we recommend the provision of targeted psychological interventions for communities affected by COVID-19, particular supports for people at high risk of psychological morbidity, enhanced awareness and diagnosis of mental disorders (especially in primary care and emergency departments) and improved access to psychological interventions (especially those delivered online and through smartphone technologies).7 These measures can help diminish or prevent future psychiatric morbidity. Finally, there is a need for particular focus on frontline workers including, but not limited to, healthcare staff. In the USA, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention offer valuable advice for healthcare workers in order to reduce secondary traumatic stress reactions, including increased awareness of symptoms, taking breaks from work, engaging in self-care, taking breaks from media coverage and asking for help.8 This kind of advice needs to be underpinned by awareness of this risk among employers, enh
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“Health professionals often experience high levels of sustained stress that constitute a risk for developing mental health problems, as recognized by the World Health Organization [1,2].”
From Effectiveness of a Web-Based Self-Guided Intervention (MINDxYOU) for Reducing Stress and Promoting Mental Health Among Health Professionals: Results From a Stepped-Wedge Cluster Randomized Trial (2025) · cites this paper as [1]
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“mental health has been characterized by decreases in positive emotions and quality of life [5,6,7,8] as well as increases in negative emotions, anxiety, fear, stress, depression, and sleep disturbances [8,9,10,11,12,13,14].”
From At the Peak of the Second Wave of COVID-19, Did Millennials Show Different Emotional Responses from Older Adults? (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
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“recent reports in the UK suggest that one in three NHS staff suffered mental health issues related to the pandemic (Al-Ghunaim et al., 2021; Cullen et al., 2020; Pfefferbaum et al., 2020).”
From Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: exploring the role of psychological flexibility and stress-related variables. (2023) · cites this paper as Cullen et al., 2020
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“At the same time, evidence is mounting of potentially long-lasting consequences of the pandemic on mental health, with young people identified as particularly vulnerable—although the evidence is still not definitive.2, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27”
From Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study (2022) · cites this paper as [24]
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“as mentioned by Cullen, Gulati, and Kelly (2020) [9], those reactions are critical in “shaping both spread of the disease and the occurrence of emotional distress during and after the outbreak”.”
From At the Peak of the Second Wave of COVID-19, Did Millennials Show Different Emotional Responses from Older Adults? (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
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Cites
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“2 Notwithstanding possible response bias, these are very high proportions-and it is likely that some people are at even greater risk.”
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“Moreover, the frequent occurrence of the MeSH descriptors Anxiety , Stress-Psycholog-ical , Social Distance , Depression , Fear of the subdomain Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms (F01) reveal that the COVID-19 triggers also severe psychological issues (Cullen et al., 2020).”
Moral Injury: A Challenge for Healthcare Workers During the Pandemic and Beyond
Ebrahimi, S., Bazrafshan, A., Kamyab, A., Pakdin, M., & Ebrahimi, A. (2024) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.5812/ijpbs-146570 · Cited by 2
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Mohtasham, M., Mahdavirad, F., Jabbari, A. A., & Mazdayasna, G. (2025) · Journalism and Media · doi:10.3390/journalmedia6010034 · Cited by 2
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“These uncertainties and fears have increased the risk for anxiety, panic, and depressions among people (Cullen et al ., 2020; World Health Organization [WHO], 2020) .”
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“Direct contact with patients can further increase the chance of getting an infection (Cullen et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020).”
Covid-19 Pandemic: Mental Dynamics of Quarantine and Social Isolation
Patel, J., & Patel, P. (2020) · Journal of Behavior Therapy And Mental Health · doi:10.14302/issn.2474-9273.jbtm-20-3497 · Cited by 2
“In checking the psychological impacts of Covid-19, the result of the recent research conducted in 194 different cities of China that included 1210 defendants’ showed that 54% of defendants were suffering from mental health issues, where 29% reported against mild to severe anxiety indications and 17% showed severe depr…”
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“Pandemics cause emotional stress to all, including those in the health care professions [10,11].”
HAS THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC INCREASED POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION RISK?
Türkgeldi, E., & Yıldız, Ş. (2021) · Jinekoloji-Obstetrik ve Neonatoloji Tıp Dergisi · doi:10.38136/jgon.971782 · Cited by 2
A Equipe de Saúde no contexto da saúde mental frente às condições da Covid-19
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Ukraine's Experience in Combating the COVID-19 Pandemic
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BackgroundPandemic Fatigue: A Concept Analysis
Teng-Costa, E., Macatangay, C. M., & Balubar, N. N. (2022) · International Journal of Health Sciences and Research · doi:10.52403/ijhsr.20220312 · Cited by 2
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Tso, L., & Shukla, M. (2022) · Refuge Canada s Journal on Refuge · doi:10.25071/1920-7336.40877 · Cited by 3
“…problems, such as stress, depression, and anxiety, as well as negative emotions such as denial, grief, and anger (Ji et al., 2017; Mohindra et al., 2020; Torales et al., 2020; Xiao et al., 2020), leading to an increase in the risk of suicide worldwide (Cullen et al., 2020; The Tribune India, 2020).”
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“The COVID-19 pandemic has brought on a wave of unpredictability and uncertainty that exacerbates the risk of mental health problems, even in those who do not have pre-existing mental health conditions Journal of Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences 76 (Cullen et al., 2020; Moreno et al., 2020).”
BackgroundDuygu Düzenleme ve Koronavirüs Kaygısı: Algılanan Sosyal Desteğin Aracı Rolü
Erden, N. K., & Sarı, B. A. (2022) · Ayna Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.31682/ayna.1065638 · Cited by 3
Measuring the Work Stress Level Among Nurses During Second Wave of Covid-19 in India
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“Moreover, we should emphasize that the approach of psychological aspects assists in the adherence to control measures such as quarantine 8,9 .”
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Mental illness in society as we learn to live with COVID-19
Donnelly, S. C. (2022) · QJM · doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcac207 · Cited by 2
Ośrodki pomocy społecznej w czasie pandemii COVID-19 w świetle doświadczeń pracowników socjalnych
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Violencia de pareja en el contexto de pandemia por COVID-19. Implicaciones clínicas
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“People’s mental health worsened, resulting in a wide range of psychological symptoms and problems throughout the world (Javed et al., 2020; Richter et al., 2021; Szcześniak et al., 2021; Hisham et al., 2021; Usher et al., 2020; Cullen et al., 2020; Xiong et al., 2020).”
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“This is especially relevant as the United States is still navigating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has resulted in exacerbation of mental health issues, increased rates of violence and trauma, and a shortage of mental health services (Cullen et al., 2020; Mittal & Singh, 2020 ).”
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“Speci fi cally, COVID-19 has been associated with a suite of psychological reactions, including emotional distress, maladaptive behaviours, and defensive responses (Cullen et al., 2020; Taylor, 2019).”
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“Previous epidemiological studies [57, 58] indicated that women were more likely to experience anxiety, which had a signi fi cant impact on the health of their 7 Mental Illness o ff spring.”
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Dogmoc, C. C., Lopez, C.-A. C., Taypa, M. J. P., Almonguera, J. E., & Ederio, N. T. (2024) · International Journal of Current Science Research and Review · doi:10.47191/ijcsrr/v7-i5-95 · Cited by 2
Combating COVID-19 Pandemic in Bangladesh: A Memorandum from Developing Country
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Namlı, A., & UCGUL, G. (2021) · International Online Journal of Educational Sciences · doi:10.15345/iojes.2021.02.016 · Cited by 2
Cabin Fever Learning: Escaping the Pandemic When There's No Place to Go
Grenier, R. S. (2021) · New Horizons in Adult Education and Human Resource Development · doi:10.1002/nha3.20311 · Cited by 2
“During the peak of the pandemic and my own isolation, I wrote this conceptual paper to consider what may contribute to learning engagement in a time filled with emotional distress (Cullen et al., 2020) and amplified demands of daily life (Ornell et al., 2020).”
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SOCIAL DISTANCING DAN TINGKAT STRES PADA REMAJA USIA SEKOLAH DI SMP FRATER MAMASA
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Zugravu, C., Salmen, T., Ducu, I., Mihai, B.-M., Dima, V., Berceanu, C., Bohiltea, A.-T., École Hôtelière de Lausanne, L., Neagu, S., Heinrich-Heine-Universität, D., et al. (2021) · Romanian Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.37897/rjid.2021.4.5 · Cited by 2
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“1% reported moderate to severe stress levels [5].”
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“The social-economical effects these necessary decisions are still unknown and it is speculated that these effects will still be felt for many more years to come [1, 2, 3, 4].”
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“The outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic severely impaired mental health, leading to psychological problems such as stress, anxiety and depression [41, 42].”
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“Recent evidences suggest that COVID pandemic and associated lockdown have increased the severity of pre-existing mental health condition and caused new symptoms of mental disorder [1].”
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“This can lead to individuals committing suicide (Cullen et al., 2020) although suicidal cases were happened in Bangladesh due to COVID-19.”
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Bălăeţ, M., Kurtin, D. L., Gruia, D. C., Lerede, A., Custovic, D., Trender, W. R., Jolly, A., Hellyer, P. J., & Hampshire, A. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1564442/v1 · Cited by 2
Helping Families Help Themselves? The (Un)intended Impacts of a Digital Parenting Program
Amaral, S., Dinarte, L., Domínguez, P., & Perez-Vincent, S. M. (2022) · doi:10.18235/0004123 · Cited by 3
Lee, K., Lee, Y.-X., & Cheng, Y.-T. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.969087 · Cited by 1
Monteiro, B., Galhardo, A., Senra, H., Pinto‐Gouveia, J., & Cunha, M. (2024) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3440 · Cited by 1
THE COGNITIVE COMPONENT OF SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Боснюк, В. Ф., & Олефір, В. О. (2021) · PSYCHOLOGICAL JOURNAL · doi:10.31108/1.2021.7.4.6 · Cited by 1
Kwong, K. (2021) · International Journal of Healthcare · doi:10.5430/ijh.v7n2p15 · Cited by 1
“Healthcare workers are at particular risk of suffering from mental health problems when they work in emergency care, critical or intensive care settings.[17] They are vulnerable to occupational stress due to unprecedented circumstances such as working with dying and seriously ill patients, increased workload, lack of…”
BackgroundDiagnostic Intervention for Mental Disorder
Senanayake, S., Karunanayaka, C., Dananjaya, L., Chamodya, L., Kumari, S., & Chandrasiri, S. (2021) · International Conference on Information Technology Research (ICITR) · doi:10.1109/icitr54349.2021.9657233 · Cited by 1
Velasco, R. I. B., Valenzuela, R. L. G., & Jorge, M. P. P. C. (2022) · Acta Medica Philippina · doi:10.47895/amp.vi0.5491 · Cited by 1
“6,7 However, even prior to the pandemic, a high prevalence of stress has been one of the most important issues among medical students and is often attributed to the heavy academic load.”
BackgroundThe effect of Covid-19 anxiety on prenatal distress and prenatal attachment in pregnant women
KARADEMİR, D., Ağadayı, E., & KARAHAN, S. (2023) · Interdisciplinary Medical Journal · doi:10.17944/interdiscip.1285742 · Cited by 1
A Sentiment Analysis of COVID-19 Tweets Data Using Different Word Embedding Techniques
Nawarathne, U. M. M. P. K., & Kumari, H. M. N. S. (2023) · International Research Conference on Smart Computing and Systems Engineering (SCSE) · doi:10.1109/scse59836.2023.10215046 · Cited by 1
“Previous research work also proved that during the pandemic period, humans had a deteriorated mental health status [5].”
BackgroundClimate Change, Environmental Pollution and Covid-19 Pandemic: The Triangle Impacts on Mental Health
Haron, N. F., Sapuan, N. M., Kumaran, V. V., Saudi, N. S. M., & Ridzuan, A. R. (2022) · Environmental Management and Sustainable Development · doi:10.5296/emsd.v11i4.21051 · Cited by 1
Depression and Mood Monitoring for Pregnant Women Using IoT-Based Wearables
Devi, D. H., Naresh, R., Kumar, C. N. S. V., Senthilkumar, S., & Jovin, A. A. (2023) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-1718-1.ch009 · Cited by 1
Schweitzer, D. (2023) · Punctum Books · doi:10.53288/0448.1.04 · Cited by 1
Blanco, J. R., & Spampinato, F. M. (2023) · Punctum Books · doi:10.53288/0448.1.00 · Cited by 1
Johansson, E., Lorig, F., & Davidsson, P. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-61034-9_6 · Cited by 1
Resilience and Well-Being Among Health Care Workers in Jerusalem Governorate
Abulibdeh, A., Abualkibash, S. K., & Nazzal, F. I. (2024) · Studies in systems, decision and control · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-56586-1_12 · Cited by 1
Lee, S., Singarella, I., Bertz, C., Hicks, K., Elswick, S. E., Jin, S. W., Williams-Click, Y., & Howard, J. (2024) · Health Information & Libraries Journal · doi:10.1111/hir.12538 · Cited by 1
Atawi, R. A., Zahra, S. A., Alnusiri, A., Nassar, Y. H., Khayat, D., & Alharbi, A. (2024) · Early Years Journal of International Research and Development · doi:10.1080/09575146.2024.2393142 · Cited by 1
“Several studies have revealed concerning trends in the schooling of children with special needs during the epidemic (Brooks et al. 2020; Cullen, Gulati, and Kelly 2020; Lee 2020; McConachie, Mason, and Parr 2020; Romano et al. 2021; Van Lancker and Parolin 2020).”
The Pandemic Effects on Human Capital Development: An Introduction
Mishrif, A. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-5246-1_1 · Cited by 1
Reyes, M. A., Clark, E. M., & Matsuo, H. (2024) · Contemporary Family Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10591-024-09718-8 · Cited by 1
“In other words, it is likely that people now put more effort into taking care of all aspects of their health (Cullen et al., 2020; Kathirvel, 2020), which should be considered in future research on this topic.”
Wu, B., & Tian, B. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1460064 · Cited by 1
“…(Grolli et al., 2021; Cheng et al., 2023; Kasenzu, 2024), children, adolescents (Meherali et al., 2021; Caamaño-Navarrete et al., 2024; Sheng and Motevalli, 2024), young adults (Coulaud et al., 2024), and the general population (Cullen et al., 2020; Talevi et al., 2020; Kupcova et al., 2023).”
Matlock, F., & Langlais, M. R. (2025) · Academia Mental Health and Well-Being · doi:10.20935/mhealthwellb7496 · Cited by 2
Ingman, B. C., Loecke, C., & Belansky, E. S. (2025) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/15248399241308899 · Cited by 1
“Furthermore, since this initiative was completed before the COVID-19 pandemic and mental health concerns have only increased over that time (Cullen et al., 2020), these results raise further alarm about the persistence and prevalence of these concerns.”
Severo, M., Calvio, A., Difino, M. R., Zaffino, A., Iuso, S., Lacedonia, D., & Petito, A. (2025) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-81706-9_2 · Cited by 1
Başyiğit, Ö. F., & Ekinci, M. (2025) · Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.37989/gumussagbil.1413300 · Cited by 1
COVID-19 Treatment and Mental Health Care: Experiences in Ghana
Ntow, M. C., Awuah, D., & Xatse, E. A. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-65179-3_18 · Cited by 1
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Mental Health Service Utilization During COVID-19
Yirenya-Tawiah, A., & Cubbin, C. (2025) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-025-02456-z · Cited by 1
“…demographic shift will likely increase mental healthcare access inequities that currently exist within the US healthcare system, including those for racial and ethnic minorities, uninsured and under-insured populations, lower SES populations, older adults, and those living in rural areas [8–10].”
Adegbite, O. A., & Palalas, A. (2025) · Open Praxis · doi:10.55982/openpraxis.17.3.905 · Cited by 3
Dissanayake, D. M. R., & Richards, L. (2025) · Discover Education · doi:10.1007/s44217-025-00831-w · Cited by 1
“Being part of an online learning community and actively engaging with peers can mitigate feelings of isolation and enhance the overall learning experience [23, 25, 33, 37].”
Impact of the Pandemic on Therapy: Addressing Modality Change in Post-COVID Japan
Tighe, R., & McKiernan, P. J. (2025) · American Journal of Qualitative Research · doi:10.29333/ajqr/16817 · Cited by 1
Wahhab, H. A., Abu‐Dahab, R., & Wazaify, M. (2025) · Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/15332640.2025.2577715 · Cited by 1
Prevalence of Suicide Among Adolescents Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic
Parmar, V., Castro, A. A., Singh, I., Santiago, G. G., & Singh, M. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.97166 · Cited by 1
Adapa, K., Venketa, A. Y., Reji, M., Mazur, L. M., Vizer, L. M., Bissram, J., Kertcher, E., & Charguia, N. (2025) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apjon.2025.100832 · Cited by 1
Provider Type Market Share for Treatment of Depression in a Large Commercially Insured Population
Glassman, J. R., Nikolov, M. C., Song, S., & Kaplan, R. M. (2026) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.20240585 · Cited by 1
Ebrahimi, M. (2025) · ASEAN Entrepreneurship Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5377921 · Cited by 1
La sociedad por acciones simplificada: una nueva estructura para hacer negocios en las Américas
Tramhel, J. M. E. (2017) · Agenda Internacional · doi:10.18800/agenda.201701.008 · Cited by 1
Projeto de extensão de basquetebol adaptado no contexto da pandemia de Covid-19
de Lima, L. F., Guimarães, C. D. F., & Arruda, L. C. (2020) · Revista UFG · doi:10.5216/revufg.v20.66740 · Cited by 1
Various Facets of Anxiety during the Pandemic in India - Critical Issues
Laijawala, R., Sonavane, S., & Sousa, A. D. (2021) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.97797 · Cited by 1
POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS PARA A ORIENTAÇÃO DA VOCAÇÃO, DETECÇÃO E DESENVOLVIMENTO DE TALENTOS ESPORTIVOS
Bispo, M. D. C., Santos, A. C., de Souza, E. A., Bastos, E. C., Vilhena, A. M. P., Mendonça, M. B., Zanoni, É. M., Gastélum-Cuadras, G., Júnior, R. J. N., Carvalho, M. C. G. D. A., et al. (2021) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.22721070611 · Cited by 1
Agotamiento emocional a partir de variables demográficas en tiempos de pandemia
Vargas-Salgado, M. M., & Gómez-Bull, K. G. (2021) · Academo Revista de Investigación en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades · doi:10.30545/academo.2021.jul-dic.1 · Cited by 1
“Desafortunadamente esta situación epidemiológica tiene diversas afectaciones en la salud mental de las personas (Asmundson y Taylor, 2020; Cullen, Gulati y Kelly, 2020; Dong y Bouey, 2020; Pfefferbaum y North, 2020; Xiong et al., 2020).”
BackgroundThe Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic and Associated Protective Procedures on Children's Mental Health
Kılıç, A. O., Uzun, N., Akın, F., Yazar, A., Akcan, Ö. M., Akça, Ö. F., & Reisli, İ. (2021) · Online Türk Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.26453/otjhs.941840 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Cullen, W., Gulati, G., & Kelly, B. D.
- Affiliations
- University College Dublin (IE)
- University of Limerick (IE)
- Trinity College Dublin (IE)
- Corresponding author
- Kelly, B D
- Venue
- QJM: An International Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2020-03-30
- Volume
- 113
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 311-312
- ISSN
- 0033-5622 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2725
- 1460-2393
- PMC
- PMC7184387
- OpenAlex
- W3013698566
- Cited by
- 1,275
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 82 · 2024: 128 · 2023: 257 · 2022: 318 · 2021: 345 · 2020: 114
- FWCI
- 102.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- QJM (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DSPACE System - Metalibrary (University of the Coast) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, mental health, psychological impact of pandemic, anxiety, depressive symptoms, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance use disorders, pre-existing mental illness, infection risk, public health measures, mental health services, China, H1N1 influenza, mental health workforce shortage
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Anxiety, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Mental Health, Pneumonia, Viral, Stress, Psychological, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics
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