The Validity of the 16-Item Version of the Prodromal Questionnaire (PQ-16) to Screen for Ultra High Risk of Developing Psychosis in the General Help-Seeking Population
Open accessAbstract
In order to bring about implementation of routine screening for psychosis risk, a brief version of the Prodromal Questionnaire (PQ; Loewy et al., 2005) was developed and tested in a general help-seeking population. We assessed a consecutive patient sample of 3533 young adults who were help-seeking for nonpsychotic disorders at the secondary mental health services in The Hague with the PQ. We performed logistic regression analyses and CHi-squared Automatic Interaction Detector decision tree analysis to shorten the original 92 items. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to examine the psychometric properties of the PQ-16. In the general help-seeking population, a cutoff score of 6 or more positively answered items on the 16-item version of the PQ produced correct classification of Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental State (Yung et al., 2005) psychosis risk/clinical psychosis in 44% of the cases, distinguishing Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States (CAARMS) diagnosis from no CAARMS diagnosis with high sensitivity (87%) and specificity (87%). These results were comparable to the PQ-92. The PQ-16 is a good self-report screen for use in secondary mental health care services to select subjects for interviewing for psychosis risk. The low number of items makes it quite appropriate for screening large help-seeking populations, thus enhancing the feasibility of detection and treatment of ultra high-risk patients in routine mental health services.
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“The Prodromal Questionnaire 16 (Ising et al., 2012) was administered to assess psychotic experiences.”
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MethodScreening tools for clinical high risk for psychosis
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“SZ – schizophrenia, HC – healthy control, (↑) – increased, (↓) – reduced, PQ – 16 item prodromal questionnaire (Ising et al., 2012), SPQ – schizotypal personality questionnaire (Raine, 1991), CAARMS – comprehensive assessment of at-risk mental”
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“…of its factorial structure, internal consistency (similar to PQ-B (Loewy et al., 2011) and PS-R (Kobayashi et al., 2008) and superior to PQ-16 (Ising et al., 2012)) and the fact that it measures both symptom frequency and associated distress (PS-R focuses on symptom duration and both PQ-B and…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSolmi, M., Estradé, A., Thompson, T., Agorastos, A., Raduà, J., Cortese, S., Dragioti, E., Leisch, F., Vancampfort, D., Thygesen, L., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.090 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
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“The prodromal questionnaire (PQ) [88,89], which has been reported to be a very good screening measure in routine mental health services [89,90], was used to screen for psychotic”
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“The measure has been validated in clinical populations against semistructured interviews that assess emerging and frank psychosis, such as the Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes (SIPS).(25,26,33,34) Attenuated positive symptoms have the best predictive value for distinguishing a clinically high risk or psych…”
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“As for PLEs, we followed the criteria used by Ising et al. (2012), i.e. a score of 6 or more experiences, a cut-off which has 87% sensitivity for identifying UHR.”
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“This approach should be coupled with an enrichment strategy based on screening for attenuated psychotic symptoms in help-seeking young people, such as the use of short screening instruments (e.g., the Prodromal Questionnaire-16; Ising et al., 2012).”
Sources of clinical distress in young people at ultra high risk of psychosis
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“We also hypothesised, based on previous findings (Ising et al., 2012; Rietdijk et al., 2012), that the level of distress associated with those non-psychosis related symptoms would be more predictive of transition to psychosis than distress associated to APS alone.”
BackgroundResultBrandizzi, M., Schultze-Lutter, F., Masillo, A., Lanna, A., Curto, M., Lindau, J. F., Solfanelli, A., Listanti, G., Patanè, M., Kotzalidis, G., et al. (2014) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.10.005 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“…an early detection center (N= 113; 12–35 years) (Loewy et al., 2005); (2) patients from a secondary mental health service (N = 3,671; 18–35 years) (Ising et al., 2012)with a cut-off “≥18positive symptoms” predicting SIPS-UHR status with 90% sensitivity and 90% specificity; and (3) adolescent…”
Psychosis-like experiences and distress among adolescents using mental health services.
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“This method of scoring more closely approximates the PQ-16 (Ising et al., 2012), which asks participants to rate distress using distress anchors “no/ mild/moderate/severe,” and does not count items that cause no distress toward the total score.”
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“For example, prodromal scales such as the 16-item Prodromal Questionnaire (PQ-16; Ising et al., 2012) partially rely on items from schizotypal scales such as the Perceptual Aberration Scale and the Magical Ideation Scale.”
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“The validity of the 16-item version of the Prodromal Questionnaire (PQ-16) to screen for ultra high risk of developing psychosis in the general help-seeking population.”
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“To improve its efficiency and accuracy, Loewy`s team successively modified the 92-item PQ into a 21-item version[16] and a 16-item version[17], and each has been validated using SIPS and CAARMS criteria.”
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Severity of Thought Disorder Predicts Psychosis in Persons at Clinical High-Risk
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“…to onset of psychosis (Rietdijk et al., 2011), and as many as 4-8% of adolescents and young adults seeking mental health care may meet clinical high-risk criteria (Ising et al., 2012; Rietdijk et al., 2014); it is unclear whether these patient pools are fully represented in psychosis-risk research.”
BackgroundCognitive Alexithymia Is Associated with the Degree of Risk for Psychosis
van der Velde, J., Swart, M., van Rijn, S., van der Meer, L., Wunderink, L., Wiersma, D., Krabbendam, L., Bruggeman, R., & Aleman, A. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124803 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
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“46,47 .”
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Self-citationTerminology and assessment tools of psychosis: A systematic narrative review
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“The Prodromal Questionnaire-16 (PQ-16) is a brief self-report screening questionnaire that assesses the presence of positive and negative symptoms on a two-point scale (true/false) (28).”
Backgroundvan der Gaag, M., van den Berg, D. P. G., & Ising, H. K. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.08.018 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationIdentification and characterization of college students with attenuated psychosis syndrome in China.
Chen, F.-Z., Wang, L., Heeramun-Aubeeluck, A., Wang, J.-K., Shi, J.-Y., Yuan, J., & Zhao, X.-D. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.01.051 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
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“46 Clinical feasibility was assessed based on a priori criteria in relation to (1) the trial methodology, and (2) delivering the EMIcompass intervention to youth with early mental health problems using the following three categories (akin to a traffic light system): (1) feasibility fully…”
Methodde Jong, Y., Mulder, C. L., Boon, A. E., Deen, M., van ’t Hof, M., & van der Gaag, M. (2018) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12362 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“The PQ-16 was derived from the original 92item Prodromal Questionnaire (PQ-92)(2) to enable the detection of ultra high-risk (UHR) patients in routine adult mental health services.(1) Both screeners are usually used in combination with the Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes (SIPS)(3) or the Comprehensive Ass…”
MethodResultInfluentialSolmi, M., Estradé, A., Thompson, T., Agorastos, A., Raduà, J., Cortese, S., Dragioti, E., Leisch, F., Vancampfort, D., Thygesen, L. C., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.07.048 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationMętel, D., Arciszewska, A., Daren, A., Pionke, R., Cechnicki, A., Frydecka, D., & Gawęda, Ł. (2020) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12829 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Lee, J., Kim, H., Kim, S., Kim, J., Shin, I., & Kim, S. (2021) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.13115 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Bipolar and psychotic disorders in elite athletes: a narrative review
Currie, A., Gorczynski, P., Rice, S. M., Purcell, R., McAllister-Williams, R. H., Hitchcock, M. E., Hainline, B., & Reardon, C. (2019) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2019-100685 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Lazaridou, F. B., Schubert, S., Ringeisen, T., Kaminski, J. A., Heinz, A., & Kluge, U. (2022) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-022-01468-8 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Specifically, integrating the complexities of various forms and domains of racism—while taking into account local and regional psychosocial stressors—into models of psychosis operationalized as the presence of subclinical positive symptoms as evaluated with the Prodromal Questionnaire [82], for example, may help to bu…”
MethodDigital phenotyping correlations in larger mental health samples: analysis and replication
Currey, D., & Torous, J. (2022) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2022.507 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Chen, F.-Z., Wang, L., Wang, J.-K., Heeramun-Aubeeluck, A., Yuan, J., & Zhao, X.-D. (2016) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12173 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“a non-psychotic disorder were diagnosed as ultra high risk.(27) A research conducted in China mainland also found that 4.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe Blursday database as a resource to study subjective temporalities during COVID-19
Chaumon, M., Rioux, P.-A., Herbst, S. K., Spiousas, I., Kübel, S. L., Hiroyasu, E. M. G., Runyun, Ş., Micillo, L., Thanopoulos, V., Mendoza-Durán, E., et al. (2022) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-022-01419-2 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Temporal Lobe Volume Decrements in Psychosis Spectrum Youths
Roalf, D., Quarmley, M., Calkins, M., Satterthwaite, T., Ruparel, K., Elliott, M., Moore, T. M., Gur, R., Gur, R. E., Moberg, P., et al. (2016) · Schizophrenia bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbw112 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Misiak, B., Szewczuk-Bogusławska, M., Samochowiec, J., Moustafa, A. A., & Gawęda, Ł. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.05.044 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Freeman, D., Sheaves, B., Goodwin, G. M., Yu, L.-M., Harrison, P. J., Emsley, R., Bostock, S., Foster, R. G., Wadekar, V., Hinds, C., et al. (2015) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-015-0756-4 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Ising HK, Veling W, Loewy RL, Rietveld MW, Rietdijk J, Dragt S, et al. The validity of the 16-item version of the Prodromal Questionnaire (PQ-16) to screen for ultra high risk of developing psychosis in the general help-seeking population.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSchalbroeck, R., van Velden, F. H. P., de Geus‐Oei, L., Yaqub, M. M., van Amelsvoort, T., Booij, J., & Selten, J. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-01174-w · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Owoso, A., Ndetei, D., Mbwayo, A. W., Mutiso, V., Khasakhala, L., & Mamah, D. (2013) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.10.004 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Other validation studies for the PRIME screen as well as other psychosis-risk screeners that have occurred in clinical or help-seeking populations have generally found fair to strong measures of validity as well [22-24].”
ResultGawęda, Ł., Pionke, R., Hartmann, J., Nelson, B., Cechnicki, A., & Frydecka, D. (2020) · Schizophrenia bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaa125 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Association of stress-related sleep disturbance with psychiatric symptoms among pregnant women
Sánchez, S., Friedman, L. E., Rondon, M. B., Drake, C., Williams, M. A., & Gelaye, B. (2020) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2020.02.007 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The critical need for help-seeking controls in clinical high-risk research
Millman, Z. B., Gold, J. M., Mittal, V. A., & Schiffman, J. (2019) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702619855660 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Fekih‐Romdhane, F., Jahrami, H., Alhuwailah, A., Fawaz, M. A., Shuwiekh, H. A. M., Helmy, M. S., Hassan, I. H. M., Naser, A. Y., Zarrouq, B., Chebli, M., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-023-01048-4 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“This makes it impractical to screen large numbers of people from the general population for psychosis in community-based settings, posing a major barrier to accurate detection of a significant proportion of individuals at risk for psychosis (Ising et al., 2012).”
Pelizza, L., Azzali, S., Paterlini, F., Garlassi, S., Scazza, I., Pupo, S., & Raballo, A. (2018) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.03.023 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Booij, S. H., Wichers, M., de Jonge, P., Sytema, S., van Os, J., Wunderink, L., & Wigman, J. T. W. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019059 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“For all individuals who are referred to mental healthcare, psychotic symptoms are routinely screened by means of, among other things, the Prodromal Questionnaire (PQ).(72) If the score on the PQ is 6 or higher, the Comprehensive Assessment of At Risk Mental State (CAARMS)(73) is administered as well.”
MethodSelf-citationThe interaction between subclinical psychotic experiences, insomnia and objective measures of sleep
Cosgrave, J., Haines, R., der Kloet, D. V. H.-V., Purple, R., Porcheret, K., Foster, R., & Wulff, K. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.06.058 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Psychotic experiences were measured using the Prodromal Questionnaire 16 Item Version (PQ-16), which has acceptable psychometric properties in both healthy and high-risk populations (Ising et al., 2012).”
MethodInfluentialThe Youth Mental Health Risk and Resilience Study (YouR-Study)
Uhlhaas, P. J., Gajwani, R., Groß, J., Gumley, A. I., Lawrie, S. M., & Schwannauer, M. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1206-5 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“uk which includes an initial screening through the 16-item version of the prodromal questionnaire (PQ) [26] and a 12-item scale of perceptual and cognitive”
BackgroundWongkoblap, A., Vadillo, M., & Curcin, V. (2020) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/19824 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“The prodromal questionnaire (PQ) [88,89], which has been reported to be a very good screening measure in routine mental health services [89,90], was used to screen for psychotic”
MethodFrydecka, D., Misiak, B., Kotowicz, K., Pionke‐Ubych, R., Krężołek, M., Cechnicki, A., & Gawęda, Ł. (2020) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.31 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) The Prodromal Questionnaire-16 (PQ-16) [43] was used to screen for the risk of psychosis operationalized as a presence of PLEs.”
MethodInfluentialPfennig, A., Leopold, K., Martini, J., Boehme, A., Lambert, M., Stamm, T. J., Bermpohl, F., Reif, A., Kittel‐Schneider, S., Juckel, G., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40345-020-00183-4 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Thompson, E. C., Kline, E., Reeves, G., Pitts, S., & Schiffman, J. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.09.022 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Sharma, C. M., & Chariar, V. M. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32548 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Childhood trauma and schizotypy in non-clinical samples: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Toutountzidis, D., Gale, T. M., Irvine, K., Sharma, S., & Laws, K. R. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0270494 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“(Continued) Author(s) (Year) Quality score Sample N, age range, Mean (SD) Gender W/M Measure of schizotypy Measure of early life adversities Other measures Main findings in the association of early life adversities and psychosis- like symptoms Types of adversity and domains of schizotypy analysed FekihRomdhane, Nsibi…”
InfluentialPelizza, L., Azzali, S., Paterlini, F., Garlassi, S., Scazza, I., Chiri, L. R., Poletti, M., Pupo, S., & Raballo, A. (2018) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12554 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“In the present study, iPQ-16 showed a Cronbach's alpha which we regard as satisfactory internal consistency for a screening measure that has to be followed by a clinical interview (Ising et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialel Bouhaddani, S., van Domburgh, L., Schaefer, B., Doreleijers, T., & Veling, W. (2019) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-019-01658-1 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationHaining, K., Karagiorgou, O., Gajwani, R., Groß, J., Gumley, A. I., Lawrie, S. M., Schwannauer, M., Schultze‐Lutter, F., & Uhlhaas, P. J. (2020) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.13075 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Screening questionnaires comprised (a) the 16-item Prodromal Questionnaire (PQ-16; Ising et al., 2012) and (b) a nine-item scale of Perceptual and Cognitive Anomalies (PCA) for assessing basic symptoms.”
MethodReal-world digital implementation of the Psychosis Polyrisk Score (PPS): A pilot feasibility study
Oliver, D., Spada, G., Englund, A., Chesney, E., Radua, J., Reichenberg, A., Uher, R., McGuire, P., & Fusar-Poli, P. (2020) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2020.04.015 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Mongan, D., Shannon, C., Hanna, D., Boyd, A., & Mulholland, C. C. (2017) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12478 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“A cut-off score of 6 or more has been used to determine those who screen “positive,” distinguishing CAARMS diagnosis from no CAARMS diagnosis with high sensitivity (87%) and specificity (87%) (Ising et al., 2012).”
MethodInfluentialPrediction and prevention of psychosis: current progress and future tasks
Ruhrmann, S., Schultze‐Lutter, F., Schmidt, S. J., Kaiser, N., & Klosterkötter, J. (2014) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-014-0541-5 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Sengutta, M., Gawęda, Ł., Moritz, S., & Karow, A. (2018) · European psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.11.009 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Third, we did not perform further investigations if patients reached the cutoff ( 6 endorsed items) [42] to verify a current ultra-high-risk for psychosis (UHR).”
BackgroundInfluentialZhang, T.-H., Li, H.-J., Tang, Y.-Y., Li, H., Zheng, L.-N., Guo, Q., Zhao, S.-Y., Zhuo, K., Qian, Z.-Y., Wang, L., et al. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.04.049 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Pelizza, L., Azzali, S., Paterlini, F., Scazza, I., Garlassi, S., Chiri, L., Poletti, M., Pupo, S., & Raballo, A. (2018) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000490708 · Cited by 25
Berry, C., Michelson, D., Othman, E., Tan, J. C., Gee, B., Hodgekins, J., Byrne, R., Ng, A. L. O., Marsh, N. V., Coker, S., et al. (2019) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12832 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Stain, H., Mawn, L., Common, S., Pilton, M., & Thompson, A. (2019) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12443 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“For services that included a screen for UHR, there was much variability in the tools employed, with the CAARMS and the Prodromal Questionnaire (Ising et al., 2012) more prevalent, 15% and 11%, respectively.”
BackgroundMethodKim, S.-W., Chung, Y.-C., Kang, Y.-S., Kim, J.-K., Jang, J.-E., Jhon, M., Lee, J.-Y.-O., Kim, J.-M., Shin, I., & Yoon, J.-S. (2017) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2017.04.24 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Steenkamp, L. R., de Neve-Enthoven, N. D., João, A., Bouter, D., Hillegers, M., Hoogendijk, W., Blanken, L., Kushner, S., Tiemeier, H., Mil, N. G. G.-V., et al. (2023) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2023.05.006 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Misiak, B., Samochowiec, J., Gawęda, Ł., & Frydecka, D. (2023) · European psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.14 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Specific items were obtained from the following questionnaires (for the content of specific items, see Supplementary Material): (a) the Revised Hallucination Scale [45–47] (three items); (b) the Revised Green et al., Paranoid Thoughts Scale [48] (four items); and (c) the Prodromal Questionnaire [49] (nine items).”
BackgroundFilia, K., Rickwood, D., Menssink, J., Gao, C.-X., Hetrick, S., Parker, A., Hamilton, M., Hickie, I., Herrman, H., Telford, N., et al. (2021) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-020-02020-6 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self‐esteem in individuals at ultra‐high risk for psychosis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Bemrose, H. V., Akande, I., & Cullen, A. E. (2020) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.13034 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Akram, U., Gardani, M., Irvine, K., Allen, S. F., Ypsilanti, A., Lazuras, L., Drabble, J., Stevenson, J. C., & Akram, A. (2020) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-020-0103-y · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Haining, K., Matrunola, C., Mitchell, L., Gajwani, R., Gross, J., Gumley, A., Lawrie, S., Schwannauer, M., Schultze-Lutter, F., & Uhlhaas, P. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718003975 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Previous analysis (McDonald et al., 2018) had shown that ∼50% participants fulfilled the PQ-16 cut-off criteria while ∼70% met criteria for the PCA.”
BackgroundRejek, M., & Misiak, B. (2023) · European psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.2429 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“The PQ-16 was developed to screen for psychosis risk and includes 16 items measuring the presence of specific PLEs together with associated distress.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
- Authors
- Ising, H. K., Veling, W., Loewy, R. L., Rietveld, M. W., Rietdijk, J., Dragt, S., Klaassen, R. M. C., Nieman, D. H., Wunderink, L., Linszen, D. H., & van der Gaag, M.
- Affiliations
- Parnassia Groep (NL)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam (NL)
- GGZ Rivierduinen (NL)
- GGZ Friesland (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Ising, H. K.
- Venue
- Schizophrenia Bulletin
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2012-04-19
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1288-1296
- ISSN
- 0586-7614 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-1701
- PMC
- PMC3713086
- OpenAlex
- W2170372220
- Cited by
- 460
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 6.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Schizophrenia Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
- Eli Lilly and Company
- ZonMw (120510001)
- Genentech
- Cilag
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- Prodromal Questionnaire
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Psychometrics, Psychotic Disorders, Surveys and Questionnaires, ROC Curve, Schizophrenia, Sensitivity and Specificity, Reproducibility of Results, Logistic Models, Risk Assessment, Early Diagnosis, Self Report, Prodromal Symptoms
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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