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Visual Hallucinations in the Psychosis Spectrum and Comparative Information From Neurodegenerative Disorders and Eye Disease
Open accessAbstract
Much of the research on visual hallucinations (VHs) has been conducted in the context of eye disease and neurodegenerative conditions, but little is known about these phenomena in psychiatric and nonclinical populations. The purpose of this article is to bring together current knowledge regarding VHs in the psychosis phenotype and contrast this data with the literature drawn from neurodegenerative disorders and eye disease. The evidence challenges the traditional views that VHs are atypical or uncommon in psychosis. The weighted mean for VHs is 27% in schizophrenia, 15% in affective psychosis, and 7.3% in the general community. VHs are linked to a more severe psychopathological profile and less favorable outcome in psychosis and neurodegenerative conditions. VHs typically co-occur with auditory hallucinations, suggesting a common etiological cause. VHs in psychosis are also remarkably complex, negative in content, and are interpreted to have personal relevance. The cognitive mechanisms of VHs in psychosis have rarely been investigated, but existing studies point to source-monitoring deficits and distortions in top-down mechanisms, although evidence for visual processing deficits, which feature strongly in the organic literature, is lacking. Brain imaging studies point to the activation of visual cortex during hallucinations on a background of structural and connectivity changes within wider brain networks. The relationship between VHs in psychosis, eye disease, and neurodegeneration remains unclear, although the pattern of similarities and differences described in this review suggests that comparative studies may have potentially important clinical and theoretical implications.
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“Although the conventional view focuses preferentially on auditory hallucinations in psychosis, epidemiological evidence indicates that hallucinations in the visual domain are very common in, for example, schizophrenia (13).”
From Shift toward prior knowledge confers a perceptual advantage in early psychosis and psychosis-prone healthy individuals (2015) · cites this paper as [13]
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“The authors reported visual hallucinations with a substantial point prevalence of 27% (Waters et al., 2014).”
From What visual illusions teach us about schizophrenia (2014) · cites this paper as Waters et al., 2014
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Self-citationPredictions penetrate perception: Converging insights from brain, behaviour and disorder
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InfluentialSelf-citationOccurrence and co-occurrence of hallucinations by modality in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders
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Silverstein, S. M. (2016) · Nebraska Symposium on Motivation/The Nebraska symposium on motivation · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30596-7_4 · Cited by 147
“For example, approximately 25–30 % of individuals with schizophrenia report visual hallucinations (Waters et al., 2014 ), and the rate of patients reporting visual distortions (in the domains of brightness, motion, form, and color) is at least double that (Cutting & Dunne, 1986 ; Phillipson &…”
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ResultSelf-citationSchizophrenia and the retina: Towards a 2020 perspective
Silverstein, S. M., Fradkin, S. I., & Demmin, D. L. (2019) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2019.09.016 · Cited by 99
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ResultRolland, B., Amad, A., Poulet, E., Bordet, R., Vignaud, A., Bation, R., Delmaire, C., Thomas, P., Cottencin, O., & Jardri, R. (2014) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu097 · Cited by 103
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Rolland, B., Jardri, R., Amad, A., Thomas, P., Cottencin, O., & Bordet, R. (2014) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2014/307106 · Cited by 103
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Self-citationUnderstanding visual hallucinations: A new synthesis
Collerton, D., Barnes, J., Diederich, N. J., Dudley, R., ffytche, D., Friston, K., Goetz, C. G., Goldman, J. G., Jardri, R., Kulisevsky, J., et al. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105208 · Cited by 83
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Woods, A., Jones, N., Bernini, M., Callard, F. J., Alderson‐Day, B., Badcock, J. C., Bell, V., Cook, C. C. H., Csordas, T., Humpston, C. S., et al. (2014) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu003 · Cited by 90
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el Haj, M., Roche, J., Jardri, R., Kapogiannis, D., Gallouj, K., & Antoine, P. (2017) · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.021 · Cited by 70
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Self-citationOn visual hallucinations and cortical networks: a trans-diagnostic review
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“Introduction Visual hallucinations occur in schizophrenia with a lower prevalence than do auditory hallucinations, and hence they have been th object of much scanter investigation (van Ommen et al., 2016; Waters et al., 2014).”
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Is the perception of illusions abnormal in schizophrenia?
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“In an overview study on schizophrenia inpatients and outpatients, Waters et al. (2014) observed a mean prevalence of auditory hallucinations of 59% (range 25–86”
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Hare, S., Ford, J. M., Ahmadi, A., Damaraju, E., Belger, A., Bustillo, J., Lee, H. J., Mathalon, D. H., Mueller, B. A., Preda, A., et al. (2016) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbw093 · Cited by 48
“While approximately 59% of Sz patients report experiencing auditory hallucinations (AH), nearly half of those report visual hallucinations (VH).(1) Despite the prevalence of these symptoms, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive.”
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“Abnormalities in the occipital cortex in neurodegenerative diseases suggest that deficits in sensory regions contribute to hallucinations of the associated sensory modality since VH are more common in PD than in schizophrenia [19].”
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“More than half of the hallucination cases are auditory, and in 27% of those cases, they are accompanied by visual hallucinations.(46) About one-third of the respondents recommended the help of a psychiatrist, while one-fifth of them recommended the help of a psychologist.”
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“5%, with the presence of VH early in psychotic illness (Clark et al., 2017; McCarthy-Jones et al., 2017; Waters et al., 2014).”
BackgroundPezzoli, S., Sánchez‐Valle, R., Solanes, A., Kempton, M. J., Bandmann, O., Shin, J. I., Cagnin, A., Goldman, J. G., Merkitch, D., Firbank, M., et al. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.030 · Cited by 42
“Recurrent and complex visual hallucinations (VH) are involuntary and repetitive visual perceptions experienced in the absence of external sensory inputs (Collerton et al., 2005; Ffytche, 2007; Waters et al., 2014).”
BackgroundVisual-Tactile Spatial Multisensory Interaction in Adults With Autism and Schizophrenia
Noel, J.-P., Failla, M. D., Quinde-Zlibut, J. M., Williams, Z. J., Gerdes, M., Tracy, J. M., Zoltowski, A. R., Foss-Feig, J. H., Nichols, H., Armstrong, K., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.578401 · Cited by 39
“(70)— may explain the contradiction between the two studies, particularly given the much higher prevalence of auditory than visual hallucinations in SZ (71).”
ResultDisrupted network cross talk, hippocampal dysfunction and hallucinations in schizophrenia
Hare, S., Law, A., Ford, J. M., Mathalon, D. H., Ahmadi, A., Damaraju, E., Bustillo, J., Belger, A., Lee, H. J., Mueller, B. A., et al. (2018) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.03.004 · Cited by 42
“Introduction An estimated 59% of patients with schizophrenia (Sz) report auditory hallucinations (AH); nearly half of those reporting AHs also report visual hallucinations (VHs) (Waters et al., 2014).”
Visual Hallucinations in First-Episode Psychosis: Association with Childhood Trauma
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“Visual hallucinations have often been linked to biological causes, such as organic disease and drug-induced psychosis, and have been considered uncommon in psychiatric samples [6].”
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Bernardin, F., Schwan, R., Lalanne, L., Ligier, F., Angioï-Duprez, K., Schwitzer, T., & Laprévote, V. (2017) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.002 · Cited by 36
“For example, current OCT machines have different measuring protocols for specific ophthalmologic diseases, and so good reproducibility is possible only if the same equipment is used, which makes difficult the comparison of results across studies with different manufacturers (Watson et al., 2011).”
Gender differences in language are small but matter for disorders
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“Auditory hallucinations are experienced by around 60% of all patients diagnosed with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder (Waters et al., 2014).”
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Contrast sensitivity deficits in schizophrenia: A psychophysical investigation
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“People with schizophrenia self-report visual distortions and anomalies (McGhie & Chapman, 1961; Phillipson & Harris, 1985; Waters et al., 2014) and are well-known to exhibit deficits in visual tasks (Butler & Javitt, 2005; Chen, 2011; Doniger et al., 2002; Feigenson et al., 2014; Green et …”
BackgroundHallucinations on demand: the utility of experimentally induced phenomena in hallucination research
Rogers, S., Keogh, R., & Pearson, J. (2020) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2020.0233 · Cited by 33
“First, current definitions do not establish sharp boundaries between hallucinations and illusions [1,12,17,59].”
BackgroundValidation of a Psycho-Sensory hAllucinations Scale (PSAS) in schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease
de Chazeron, I., Pereira, B., Chéreau, I., Brousse, G., Misdrahi, D., Fénelon, G., Tronche, A.-M., Schwan, R., Lançon, C., Marquès, A., et al. (2014) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.11.010 · Cited by 32
“A recent review (Waters et al., 2014) on VH in psychosis emphasizes particularly on key future directions including what is its relationship with hallucinations in other modalities; what are the similarities and differences in the VH profile of individuals with psychosis compared with other psychiatric/neurological co…”
BackgroundDamiani, S., Donadeo, A., Bassetti, N., Salazar‐de‐Pablo, G., Guiot, C., Politi, P., & Fusar‐Poli, P. (2022) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.13338 · Cited by 31
Hjelmervik, H., Craven, A., Sinceviciute, I., Johnsen, E., Kompus, K., Bless, J., Kroken, R., Løberg, E., Ersland, L., Grüner, R., et al. (2019) · Schizophrenia bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbz099 · Cited by 33
Measures of visual hallucinations: Review and recommendations
Aynsworth, C., Collerton, D., & Dudley, R. E. J. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.05.001 · Cited by 30
Self-citationNeuroretinal Alterations in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder: An Updated Meta-analysis
Sheehan, N., Bannai, D., Silverstein, S. M., & Lizano, P. L. (2024) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbae102 · Cited by 28
Lehembre-Shiah, E., Leong, W., Brucato, G., Abi‐Dargham, A., Lieberman, J. A., Horga, G., & Girgis, R. R. (2016) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3055 · Cited by 29
Modality-general and modality-specific processes in hallucinations
Fernyhough, C. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719002496 · Cited by 27
“While this is likely due to their lower frequency, it is known that visual hallucinations (VHs) are reasonably common in psychotic disorders, with one recent review putting their incidence at 27% (weighted mean prevalence; Waters et al., 2014).”
InfluentialBlindness, Psychosis, and the Visual Construction of the World
Pollak, T. A., & Corlett, P. R. (2019) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbz098 · Cited by 31
“16 applyparastyle "fig//caption/p[1]" parastyle "FigCapt" applyparastyle "fig" parastyle "Figure"”
BackgroundBrain‐based ranking of cognitive domains to predict schizophrenia
Karrer, T. M., Bassett, D. S., Derntl, B., Gruber, O., Aleman, A., Jardri, R., Laird, A. R., Fox, P. T., Eickhoff, S. B., Grisel, O., et al. (2019) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24716 · Cited by 26
“The maintenance of controlled cognitive sets has sometimes been challenging to ascertain in psychiatric patients (Eickhoff and Etkin, 2016; Weinberger and Radulescu, 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPsychiatric manifestations of inborn errors of metabolism: A systematic review
van de Burgt, N., van Doesum, W. B., Grevink, M., van Niele, S., de Koning, T. J., Leibold, N. K., Martínez‐Martínez, P., van Amelsvoort, T., & Cath, D. C. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104970 · Cited by 27
“Generally, it is assumed that visual hallucinations, olfactory, gustatory and somatosensory hallucinations, more than auditory hallucinations, are prominent in organic disease (Lautenschlager and Forstl, 2001; Waters et al., 2014; Lewandowski et al., 2009).”
BackgroundSilverstein, S. M., Demmin, D. L., & Bednar, J. A. (2017) · Computational Psychiatry · doi:10.1162/cpsy_a_00005 · Cited by 26
“In addition, 25%–30% of individuals with schizophrenia report visual hallucinations (Waters et al., 2014), and the rate of patients reporting visual distortions (in the domains of brightness, motion, form, and color) has been estimated to be from 30% to over 60% (Bunney et al., 1999; Cutting &…”
BackgroundDeviations in early hippocampus development contribute to visual hallucinations in schizophrenia
Cachia, A., Cury, C., Brunelin, J., Plaze, M., Delmaire, C., Oppenheim, C., Medjkane, F., Thomas, P., & Jardri, R. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-0779-9 · Cited by 26
“Although visual hallucinations (VHs) have been largely neglected in psychiatric disorders, a systematic review showed evidence of a weighted mean of 27% of VHs in schizophrenia 3 .”
BackgroundSelf-citationSchizophrenia in Translation: Why the Eye?
Silverstein, S. M., Choi, J. J., Green, K. M., Bowles-Johnson, K., & Ramchandran, R. S. (2022) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbac050 · Cited by 28
Wilson, R., Collerton, D., Freeston, M. H., Christodoulides, T., & Dudley, R. E. J. (2015) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1962 · Cited by 26
Self-citationEmberson, L. L. (2016) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x15002496 · Cited by 26
Waters, F., Barnby, J. M., & Blom, J. D. (2020) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2019.0701 · Cited by 29
“Visual hallucinations (common in older adults and in some psychiatric conditions) [24,25] may range from simple flashes or geometric shapes to static percepts involving people, faces, animals or objects, as well as dynamic scenes unfolding before the eyes [26].”
BackgroundSelf-citationVisual system assessment for predicting a transition to psychosis
Diamond, A., Silverstein, S. M., & Keane, B. P. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-02111-9 · Cited by 28
“Visual disturbances—which often do not qualify as hallucinatory because they occur too infrequently or because they merely alter stimulus appearance—are reported by almost two-thirds of people with non-affective psychosis [13–15], which rivals the prevalence of more standard illness features such as auditory hallucina…”
BackgroundChang, X., Zhao, W. D., Kang, J., Xiang, S., Xie, C., Hernández, H. C., Palaniyappan, L. K., & Feng, J. (2022) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-022-00308-x · Cited by 31
Castiajo, P., & Pinheiro, A. P. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01138 · Cited by 28
“VHs may also occur in a wide range of clinical conditions, such as ophthalmologic diseases, neurologic disorders, toxic and metabolic disorders, and psychiatric disorders (e.g., schizophrenia, affective psychosis and bipolar disorder; Cummings and Miller, 1987; Waters et al., 2014), as well as in nonclinical individua…”
Backgroundvan Ommen, M. M., van Beilen, M., Cornelissen, F. W., Smid, H. G. O. M., Knegtering, H., Aleman, A., van Laar, T., & GROUP Investigators (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716000246 · Cited by 25
“VH are visual percepts occurring in the absence of external stimuli, experienced while awake (Waters et al. 2014).”
InfluentialAuditory Steady-State Responses in Schizophrenia: An Updated Meta-Analysis
Zouaoui, I., Dumais, A., Lavoie, M. E., & Potvin, S. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13121722 · Cited by 24
“Auditory hallucinations are prevalent symptoms of schizophrenia, reported in 60 to 80% of patients [1].”
BackgroundSuzuki, K., Seth, A. K., & Schwartzman, D. J. (2024) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1159821 · Cited by 26
Schwarzer, J., Meyhöfer, I., Antonucci, L. A., Kambeitz‐Ilankovic, L., Surmann, M., Bienek, O., Romer, G., Dannlowski, U., Hahn, T., Korda, A. I., et al. (2022) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-022-01385-3 · Cited by 22
Psychotic experiences and future school performance in childhood: a population‐based cohort study
Steenkamp, L. R., Bolhuis, K., Blanken, L. M. E., Luijk, M. P. C. M., Hillegers, M. H. J., Kushner, S. A., & Tiemeier, H. W. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13281 · Cited by 27
“This is in line with studies in psychosis demonstrating that visual hallucinations are associated with greater clinical impairments and a poorer prognosis (Waters et al., 2014).”
ResultIdentification of Psychosis Risk and Diagnosis of First-Episode Psychosis: Advice for Clinicians
Lundin, N. B., Blouin, A., Cowan, H. R., Moe, A. M., Wastler, H. M., & Breitborde, N. J. K. (2024) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s423865 · Cited by 24
“38 Delusions are tenaciously held, false beliefs that are not responsive to contrary information 5 and are inconsistent with the individual’s cultural norms.”
Thomson, C., Wilson, R., Collerton, D., Freeston, M. H., & Dudley, R. E. J. (2017) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x17000174 · Cited by 24
“Visual hallucinations (VH) are relatively common, with around 27% of individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia (Waters et al., 2014) reporting VH.”
Self-citationToh, W. L., Thomas, N., Robertson, M., & Rossell, S. L. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112987 · Cited by 24
The Etiology of Auditory Hallucinations in Schizophrenia: From Multidimensional Levels
Shao, X., Liao, Y., Gu, L., Chen, W., & Tang, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.755870 · Cited by 21
Using Extended Reality to Study the Experience of Presence
Suzuki, K., Mariola, A., Schwartzman, D. J., & Seth, A. K. (2023) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2022_401 · Cited by 26
Mapping psychotic‐like experiences: Results from an online survey
Kusztrits, I., Larøi, F., Laloyaux, J., Marquardt, L., Sinkeviciute, I., Kjelby, E., Johnsen, E., Sommer, I. E., Hugdahl, K., & Hirnstein, M. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12683 · Cited by 21
Self-citationStein, F., & Kircher, T. T. J. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119464 · Cited by 23
Pareidolia in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder
Hamza, E. A., Kéri, S., Csigó, K., Bedewy, D., & Moustafa, A. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.746734 · Cited by 24
Funayama, M., Koreki, A., Takata, T., Kurose, S., Hisamatsu, T., Ono, A., Yagihashi, T., Mizushima, J., Yagi, Y., Ogino, S., et al. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.05.008 · Cited by 19
Reality-monitoring deficits and visual hallucinations in schizophrenia
Mondino, M., Dondé, C., Lavallé, L., Haesebaert, F., & Brunelin, J. (2019) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.08.010 · Cited by 23
“This co-occurrence suggests common hallucinatory mechanisms in addition to specific modality-dependent dysfunctions [4].”
BackgroundZhuo, C., Ji, F., Xiao, B., Lin, X., Chen, C., Jiang, D., Ma, X., Li, R., Liu, S., Xu, Y. J., et al. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112906 · Cited by 19
“Such disturbances in patients with schizophrenia generally include both visual distortions and hallucinations (Cutting and Dunne, 1986; Silverstein, 2016; Waters et al., 2014).”
Increased Entropic Brain Dynamics during DeepDream-Induced Altered Perceptual Phenomenology
Greco, A., Gallitto, G., D’Alessandro, M., & Rastelli, C. (2021) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e23070839 · Cited by 21
Visual Hallucinations in Psychosis: The Curious Absence of the Primary Visual Cortex
van Ommen, M. M., van Laar, T., Renken, R. J., Cornelissen, F. W., & Bruggeman, R. (2023) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbac140 · Cited by 18
Zhuo, C., Xiao, B., Chen, C., Jiang, D., Li, G., Ma, X., Li, R., Wang, L., Xu, Y. J., Zhou, C., et al. (2020) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.1611 · Cited by 18
“The prevalence of VHs in schizophrenia patients is 25%–30% (Waters et al., 2014).”
BackgroundPsychiatrie en milieu pénitentiaire : une sémiologie à part ?
Fovet, T., Thomas, P., & Amad, A. (2015) · Annales Médico-psychologiques revue psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.amp.2015.07.033 · Cited by 18
“[28] Waters F, Collerton D, Ffytche DH, Jardri R, Pins D, Dudley R, et al.”
Visual hallucinations in psychosis
van Ommen, M. M., van Laar, T., Cornelissen, F. W., & Bruggeman, R. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112517 · Cited by 17
Metadata
- Authors
- Waters, F., Collerton, D., ffytche, D. H., Jardri, R., Pins, D., Dudley, R., Blom, J. D., Mosimann, U. P., Eperjesi, F., Ford, S., & Larøi, F.
- Affiliations
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- Cumbria Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- King's College London (GB)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille (FR)
- University of Groningen (NL)
- University of Bern (CH)
- Aston University (GB)
- Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (AU)
- University of Liège (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Waters, Flavie
- ORCID
- Venue
- Schizophrenia Bulletin
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2014-06-13
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- Suppl_4
- Pages
- S233-S245
- ISSN
- 0586-7614 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-1701
- PMC
- PMC4141306
- OpenAlex
- W2146834289
- Cited by
- 325
- References
- 123
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 8
- FWCI
- 12.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Schizophrenia Bulletin (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Aston Publications Explorer (Aston University) (submittedVersion)
- Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- ORBi (University of Liège) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Open Access CRIS of the University of Bern
- Funders
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- visual hallucinations, psychosis spectrum
- MeSH terms
- Affective Disorders, Psychotic, Brain, Eye Diseases, Hallucinations, Humans, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Severity of Illness Index, Visual Cortex, Neurodegenerative Diseases
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