The DOI matches its Crossref record; 121 of the 123 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Visual Hallucinations in the Psychosis Spectrum and Comparative Information From Neurodegenerative Disorders and Eye Disease
Open accessAbstract
Much of the research on visual hallucinations (VHs) has been conducted in the context of eye disease and neurodegenerative conditions, but little is known about these phenomena in psychiatric and nonclinical populations. The purpose of this article is to bring together current knowledge regarding VHs in the psychosis phenotype and contrast this data with the literature drawn from neurodegenerative disorders and eye disease. The evidence challenges the traditional views that VHs are atypical or uncommon in psychosis. The weighted mean for VHs is 27% in schizophrenia, 15% in affective psychosis, and 7.3% in the general community. VHs are linked to a more severe psychopathological profile and less favorable outcome in psychosis and neurodegenerative conditions. VHs typically co-occur with auditory hallucinations, suggesting a common etiological cause. VHs in psychosis are also remarkably complex, negative in content, and are interpreted to have personal relevance. The cognitive mechanisms of VHs in psychosis have rarely been investigated, but existing studies point to source-monitoring deficits and distortions in top-down mechanisms, although evidence for visual processing deficits, which feature strongly in the organic literature, is lacking. Brain imaging studies point to the activation of visual cortex during hallucinations on a background of structural and connectivity changes within wider brain networks. The relationship between VHs in psychosis, eye disease, and neurodegeneration remains unclear, although the pattern of similarities and differences described in this review suggests that comparative studies may have potentially important clinical and theoretical implications.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Figures
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Although the conventional view focuses preferentially on auditory hallucinations in psychosis, epidemiological evidence indicates that hallucinations in the visual domain are very common in, for example, schizophrenia (13).”
From Shift toward prior knowledge confers a perceptual advantage in early psychosis and psychosis-prone healthy individuals (2015) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“The authors reported visual hallucinations with a substantial point prevalence of 27% (Waters et al., 2014).”
From What visual illusions teach us about schizophrenia (2014) · cites this paper as Waters et al., 2014
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci
Yudofsky, S. C., & Hales, R. E. (1992) · The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1176/jnp.4.4.359 · Cited by 3,818
Yatham, L. N., & Malhi, G. S. (2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780199562305.001.0001 · Cited by 3,515
Davenport, Y. B., Adland, M. L., Gold, P. W., & Goodwin, F. K. (1984) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(84)92810-1 · Cited by 2,925
Jablensky, A., Sartorius, N., Ernberg, G., Anker, M., Korten, A., Cooper, J. E., Day, R., & Bertelsen, A. (1992) · Psychological Medicine. Monograph Supplement · doi:10.1017/s0264180100000904 · Cited by 1,769
Hallucinations in Parkinson's disease: Prevalence, phenomenology and risk factors
Fénelon, G. (2000) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/123.4.733 · Cited by 1,035
Bleuler, E., & Brill, A. A. (1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 908
Strauss (1969) revisited: a psychosis continuum in the general population?
van Os, J., Hanssen, M., Bijl, R. V., & Ravelli, A. (2000) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(99)00224-8 · Cited by 893
The Early Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Chapman, J. (1966) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.112.484.225 · Cited by 675 · cited 1×
“…Malitz et al (1962)8 100 9 50 Vitols et al (1963)9 110 13 35 Goldberg et al (1965)10 270 18 45 Mott et al (1965)11 50 24 66 Small et al (1966)12 50 30 66 Chapman (1966)13 a 40 a Holmboe and Astrup (1967)14 255 25 79 Jansson (1968)15 293 13 25 Goodwin et al (1971)16 45 59 82 Eggers (1973)17 a 44 71…”
Low-Dose Clozapine for the Treatment of Drug-Induced Psychosis in Parkinson's Disease
The Parkinson Study Group (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199903113401003 · Cited by 618
Neural synchrony indexes disordered perception and cognition in schizophrenia
Spencer, K., Nestor, P. G., Perlmutter, R., Niznikiewicz, M. A., Klump, M. C., Frumin, M., Shenton, M. E., & McCarley, R. W. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0406074101 · Cited by 601
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Feinberg, 1962, A comparison of the visual hallucinations in schizophrenia with those induced by mescaline and LSD-25, Hallucinations, 64
- Malitz, 1962, A comparison of drug-induced hallucinations with those seen in spontaneously occurring psychosis
- Eggers, Verlaufsweisen Kindlicher and Praepuberaler Schizophrenien. Monographie aus dem Gesamtgebiet der Psychiatrye V
- Huber, 1979, Schizophrenie. Eine verlaufs- und sozialpsychiatrische Langzeitstudie
- Owens, 1989, Methods: patient series and quasi-experimental designs, 189
- Osis, 1977, At the Hour of Death
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 326
Lorente-Rovira, E., Grasa, E., Ochoa, S., Corripio, I., Peláez, T., López‐Carrilero, R., Gutiérrez-Gea, Á., Guillén, M. M., Moreno, J. M. V., Bartels‐Velthuis, A. A., et al. (2020) · Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental · doi:10.1016/j.rpsm.2020.03.002 · Cited by 3
Hallucinations and Imagination
Collerton, D., Perry, E. K., & Bowman, A. R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108580298.044 · Cited by 3
Self-citationPsychotic Experiences Questionnaire. Part 1
Анатольевна, С. О., Truevtsev, D. V., & Zhirnova, O. V. (2024) · Neurology Bulletin · doi:10.17816/nb623959 · Cited by 3
Nerland, S., Slapø, N. B., Barth, C., Mørch-Johnsen, L. E., Jørgensen, K. N., Beck, D., Wortinger, L. A., Westlye, L. T., Jönsson, E. G., Andreassen, O. A., et al. (2024) · Schizophrenia Bulletin Open · doi:10.1093/schizbullopen/sgae008 · Cited by 3
Singh, S. S., Mukherjee, A., Raghunathan, P., Ray, D., & Banerjee, A. (2024) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhae323 · Cited by 4
A Statistical Analysis of the Hallucination Hypothesis Used to Explain the Resurrection of Christ
Fudge, G. L. (2025) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel16040519 · Cited by 3
“…hallu-cination rate in the general population of 6% when excluding drugs and physical illness, and an overall rate of just over 7% when drugs and illness are not necessarily excluded, based on taking a weighted mean of earlier large-scale studies (including the Tien study) (Waters et al. 2014).”
Wei, L., Liu, W., Li, X., Zhang, Y., Luo, Y., Xie, Y., Lin, L., Chang, Z., Du, X., Wei, X., et al. (2025) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaf037 · Cited by 3
Williams, J. C., Tubiolo, P. N., Gil, R. B., Zheng, Z. J., Silver-Frankel, E. B., Haubold, N. K., Abeykoon, S. K., Pham, D. T., Ojeil, N., Bobchin, K., et al. (2025) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2025.05.016 · Cited by 5
Dysconnectivity in Hallucinations
Ćurĉić‐Blake, B., Houenou, J., & Jardri, R. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75124-5_10 · Cited by 3
Self-citationNeuropsychologie en psychiatrie
Fénelon, G. (2019) · De Boeck Supérieur eBooks · doi:10.3917/dbu.amiev.2019.01.0081 · Cited by 3
Todo, M. (2020) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2020.02.009 · Cited by 3
Understanding hallucinations outside the context of psychotic disorders
Linszen, M. M. J. (2021) · doi:10.33612/diss.182727500 · Cited by 3
Pareidolia in Schizophrenia and Bipolar DisorderPreprint
Hamza, E. A., Kéri, S., Csigó, K., Bedewy, D., & Moustafa, A. A. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3868726 · Cited by 4
Unreal? A Behavioral, Physiological, and Computational Model of the Sense of RealityPreprint
Drori, G., Bar-Tal, P., Hirsh, O., berlinger, A., Goldberg, N., Zvilichovsky, Y., Hertz, U., Zaidel, A., & Salomon, R. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.04.07.647542 · Cited by 3
Xia, S.-J., Zhang, H., Jiang, Y., Chen, X., Chen, Y., Li, Z., Wan, Z., & Sun, A. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5731427 · Cited by 3
Medical evaluation of first presentation of psychotic symptoms in children and adolescents
Lavan, O., Ganelin-Cohen, E., Goldstein, A., Mevorach, T., Frank, S., Apter, A., Fennig, S., Benaroya-Milshtein, N., & Krivoy, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1678974 · Cited by 3
“Although visual hallucinations are common among psychotic patients, they may be a clinical sign of neurologic or ocular pathologies and therefore may be related to an underlying medical condition (32, 33).”
Delusions and epistemic style: a neurodiversity approach to reasoning in schizophrenia
Flores, C. (2025) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-025-04979-8 · Cited by 2
“You might experience perceptual hallucinations or illusions, including hearing voices (Cho and Wu 2013) and visual hallucinations (Waters et al. 2014).”
Oerbeck, B., Helland, I. B., Adams, H., & Øvergaard, K. R. (2026) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/08830738251413827 · Cited by 2
“41 However, in psychosis, these hallucinations often co-occur with auditory hallucinations, in fl icting impairment.”
The fabricated past: intentionally fabricated autobiographical memories in Alzheimer’s disease
Haj, M. E., & Robin, F. (2022) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2022.2036114 · Cited by 2
“Although hallucinations are typically seen as perceptions that have no correspondence with a normal external stimulus (Allen et al., 2012; Jardri et al., 2013; Waters et al., 2014), research has demonstrated a relationship between hallucinations and false memories.”
BackgroundProsopometamorphasia: The Presenting Symptom in a Case of Schizophrenia
Souza, D. D. (2018) · Journal of Medical Cases · doi:10.14740/jmc3140w · Cited by 2
Rachana, R., Devtalla, H., Rana, K., Panda, S. P., Agrawal, A., Kadyan, S., Jindal, D., Pancham, P., Yadav, D., Jha, N. K., et al. (2023) · Chemical Biology & Drug Design · doi:10.1111/cbdd.14374 · Cited by 4
“With a mean prevalence rate of around 27%, AH are three times more common than VH (Bauer et al., 2011; Waters et al., 2014).”
BackgroundDisorders due to Substance Use: Hallucinogens and MDMA-Related Substances
Nayak, S. M., & Johnson, M. W. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42825-9_94-1 · Cited by 2
Positive Experiences of Psychosis: A Review
Lee, B. D., Bailliard, A., Fox, V., & Carroll, A. (2024) · Occupational Therapy in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/0164212x.2024.2308288 · Cited by 2
“Although auditory hallucinations were more commonly identified than visual hallucinations in research (59% versus 27% respectively; Waters et al. (2014)), visual hallucinations are nonetheless an important component of people’s experiences of psychosis.”
Disorders due to Substance Use: Hallucinogens and MDMA-Related Substances
Nayak, S. M., & Johnson, M. W. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51366-5_94 · Cited by 2
Hallucinations et maladie de Parkinson du sujet âgé : pièges et prise en charge
Leroy, A., Roche, J., Dujardin, K., Duthoit, D., Puisieux, F. L., Pins, D., Jardri, R., & Boulanger, É. (2016) · La Presse Médicale · doi:10.1016/j.lpm.2015.12.013 · Cited by 2
“Des hallucinations visuelles y sont fréquemment retrouvées [15], mais il existe le plus souvent plusieurs modalités sensorielles impliquées, notamment auditives et olfactives, dans ces pathologies.”
Self-citationCancel, A., Rousseau, P., & Jardri, R. (2018) · Annales Médico-psychologiques revue psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.amp.2018.08.008 · Cited by 2
Self-citationMogu li kognicija i emocije utjecati na vid?
Marić, M., & Domijan, D. (2018) · Psihologijske teme · doi:10.31820/pt.27.2.9 · Cited by 2
Liu, J., Zheng, L., Fang, T., Li, R., Ma, X., Sun, Y., Wang, L., Tian, H., Jiang, D., & Zhuo, C. (2021) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.2113 · Cited by 2
“In those patients, functional imaging data also suggested activation of the visual cortex in association with structural and connectivity changes (Waters et al., 2014).”
BackgroundPsychotische Störungen und Schizophrenie
Clamor, A., Frantz, I., & Lincoln, T. M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-61814-1_44 · Cited by 3
Girgis, R. R., Feng, X., Brucato, G., Sigmon, H. C., Lieberman, J. A., & Provenzano, F. A. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.08.009 · Cited by 2
Neuropsychologie en psychiatrie
Laloyaux, J., & Larøi, F. (2019) · De Boeck Supérieur eBooks · doi:10.3917/dbu.amiev.2019.01.0231 · Cited by 2
Self-citationPhantom eye syndrome after bilateral self‐enucleation in a patient with schizophrenia
Tsubomoto, M., Miyashita, S., & Kikuchi, M. (2022) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.13428 · Cited by 2
Acute Mania Induced by Hypothyroidism in a Male Patient After Thyroidectomy
Morgado, P. F., & Mendonça-Gonçalves, M. (2016) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.15090219 · Cited by 2
“Third, he had visual hallucinations—an uncommon symptom in bipolar mania.(4) Fourth, his psychotic symptoms improved rapidly after antipsychotic treatment and levothyroxine supplementation for 2 weeks.”
BackgroundThe Strasbourg Visual Scale: A Novel Method to Assess Visual Hallucinations
Giersch, A., Huard, T., Park, S., & Rosen, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.685018 · Cited by 2
“As reported in (6), complex hallucinations were the most frequent ones.”
BackgroundInfluentialPareidolia in Schizophrenia and Bipolar DisorderPreprint
Hamza, E. A., Kéri, S., Csigó, K., Bedewy, D. A., & Moustafa, A. A. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-589028/v1 · Cited by 2
Crucial differential diagnosis of rapidly progressive dementia: A case of leptomeningeal metastasis
Mimura, Y., Oi, H., Takata, T., Mimura, M., & Funayama, M. (2023) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Reports · doi:10.1002/pcn5.137 · Cited by 1
“15,16 In our presented case, a diagnosis of delirium due to stomach cancer could be considered; nevertheless, it is crucial to accurately identify the presence of metastases, as treatment options and prognosis differ.”
BackgroundBere, M., Rossell, S. L., Tan, E. J., Carruthers, S. P., Gurvich, C., Neill, E., Sumner, P. J., Rheenen, T. E. V., & Toh, W. L. (2024) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2024.2314941 · Cited by 1
“For instance, it has been suggested that impairments in source-monitoring errors and misattribution biases are associated with AH (Waters, Woodward, et al., 2012), VH (Barnes, 2015; Waters et al., 2014), and olfactory hallucinations (OHs; Arguedas et al., 2012).”
BackgroundRevising the Standard Definition of Hallucination: Delirium and Schizophrenia
Nielsen, K. M., Nordgaard, J., Overgaard, S., & Henriksen, M. G. (2025) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000548200 · Cited by 1
“While our analysis was conducted across the experiential modalities (i.e., vision and hearing), based on clinical experience and the available literature, we do not believe that an analysis exclusively of visual hallucinations in delirium and schizophrenia would alter our conclusions (cf. [27, 70,”
Tse, N. Y., Orlando, I. F., O’Callaghan, C., Taylor, N. L., Shine, J. M., Zalesky, A., Tu, S., Ahmed, R. M., Halliday, G. M., Piguet, O., et al. (2025) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2025.08.014 · Cited by 1
Phenomenology of Hallucinations in Endogenous and Substance-Related Exogenous Psychoses
Ricci, V., Aragona, M., Maina, G., & Martinotti, G. (2025) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000547087 · Cited by 2
“In schizophrenia, auditory hallucinations (voices) are the most common [61, 62].”
Visual and Auditory Verbal Hallucinations in Schizophrenia and Their Relation to Self-Disorders
Löfs, B. M., & Rasmussen, A. R. (2025) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000548797 · Cited by 2
“However, their prevalence in schizophrenia has been estimated to be 27%, and their co-occurrence with AVH is associated with more severe psychopathology and poorer prognosis compared to patients with unimodal hallucinations or no hallucinations [35–37].”
Hazeu, H. L., Nejad, A., & Cornelissen, F. W. (2025) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc58623.2025.11251833 · Cited by 1
“Unlike VH in other conditions, such as Charles Bonnet’s syndrome [1], which are often benign in character, VH in psychosis are typically complex, negative in content and often reflect personal fears or past experiences of the hallucinator [2][3].”
InfluentialDudley, R. E. J., Patterson, L., Fernyhough, C., Hamilton, J., Gibbs, C., Barclay, N. A., Simpson, J., & Dodgson, G. (2026) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.70025 · Cited by 1
Self-citationSíndrome de Charles Bonnet o alucinosis orgánica: a propósito de un caso
Guerrero‐Jiménez, M., Calahorro, C. M. C. D. A., & Gutiérrez-Rojas, L. (2015) · Psiquiatría Biológica · doi:10.1016/j.psiq.2015.10.002 · Cited by 1
Knowledge domain and emerging trends in visual hallucination research: A scientometric analysis
Zhong, M., Wu, Z., Jiang, X., Shen, B., Zhu, J., & Zhang, L. (2021) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v11.i8.491 · Cited by 1
The Varieties and Complexities of Multimodal Hallucinations in Psychosis
Moseley, P., & Mitrenga, K. J. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192898388.003.0008 · Cited by 1
Toh, W. L., Thomas, N., & Rossell, S. L. (2023) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001750 · Cited by 1
Schmid, F. R., & Kriegleder, M. (2023) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2023.103620 · Cited by 2
“…be found frequently in a broad range of literature investigating hallucinations from different perspectives (e.g. in clinical contexts (Chiu, 1989; Waters et al., 2014), in neurobiological explanations (Boksa, 2009), in computational modeling (Reichert et al., 2013), etc.) or aiming to use…”
BackgroundAssociations between sleep health, cognitive control, and hallucinations
Punton, G., Smailes, D., McCarty, K., Ellis, J. G., & Moseley, P. (2025) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.251741 · Cited by 1
A comparative study of nature and types of hallucination across different kinds of psychosis
Bhuyan, D., Nayek, S., & Saikia, H. (2017) · Open Journal of Psychiatry & Allied Sciences · doi:10.5958/2394-2061.2016.00042.2 · Cited by 1
“Waters et al.[29] found that out of 29 studies that have addressed the prevalence of diff erent kinds of hallucination in various types of psychotic disorders (5873 participants), the weighted mean prevalence of visual hallucination in schizophrenia was 27% (standard deviation [SD]=nine) whereas the weighted mean of a…”
BackgroundThe future of hallucination research: Can hallucinogens and psychedelic drugs teach us anything?
Waters, F. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114968 · Cited by 1
Self-citationrTMS treatment of visual hallucinations using a connectivity- based targeting method - A case-studyPreprint
Invernizzi, A., Halbertsma, H. N., van Ackooij, M., Bais, L., Boertien, J. M., Renken, R. J., Cornelissen, F. W., & van Laar, T. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/6qgcf · Cited by 1
Enfermedades reumáticas y alergias, la dualidad del sistema inmunológico
Sánchez‐Zuno, G. A., Oregon‐Romero, E., Hernández‐Bello, J., González-Estévez, G., Vargas, R., & Muñóz-Valle, J. F. (2021) · Revista Alergia México · doi:10.29262/ram.v68i4.984
Jansson, L., & Nordgaard, J. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33249-9_8
Bidaki, R., Keshavarzian, F., Alavi, F., & Anari, P. Y. (2015) · Iranian journal of diabetes and obesity
Collerton, D., & Perry, E. K. (2018) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x17000656
Self-citationApplications in Clinical Psychology
Frank, T. D. (2019) · Springer series in synergetics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-28821-1_10
Edadan, A. (2020) · doi:10.33540/223
Paroxetine can improve primary visual cortex activity in a high-risk mouse model of schizophrenia
Chen, X., Cai, Z., Ji, F., Lin, X., Jiang, D., Lin, C., Ma, X., Xu, Y. J., Wang, W., Zheng, L., et al. (2020) · Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment · doi:10.1080/13102818.2020.1837009
Denton, C. A. (2019) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham)
Visual Release Hallucinations After Facial Allotransplantation
Gibbons, L. E., Gitlin, D. F., Erkkinen, M. G., Kolodziej, M. S., Pomahač, B., McComiskey, K., & Shah, S. B. (2021) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000296
Slapø, N. B., Jørgensen, K. N., Elvsåshagen, T., Nerland, S., Roelfs, D., Valstad, M., Timpe, C. M. F., Richard, G., Beck, D., Sæther, L. S., et al. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-990586/v1
Ffytche, D. H. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.23538-4
Self-citationHarmon, D., Almarzouqi, S. J., Morgan, M. L., & Lee, A. G. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-35951-4_1270-1
Harmon, D., Almarzouqi, S. J., Morgan, M. L., & Lee, A. G. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-69000-9_1270
Pálffy, Z., Farkas, K., Csukly, G., Kéri, S., & Polner, B. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/kj5cf
Alderson‐Day, B., Moffatt, J. A., Lima, C. F., Krishnan, S., Fernyhough, C., Scott, S. K., Denton, S., Leong, Y. T., Oncel, A. D., Wu, Y.-L., et al. (2021) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/db5y8
Impaired visual processing in psychosis patients with a predisposition for visual hallucinationsPreprint
van Ommen, M. M., Marsman, J.-B., Renken, R. J., Bruggeman, R., van Laar, T., & Cornelissen, F. W. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.05.05.22274713
Rémy, I., Bernardin, F., Ligier, F., Krieg, J., Maillard, L. G., Schwan, R., Schwitzer, T., & Laprévote, V. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1593715/v1
Schizophrenia - Recent Advances and Patient-Centered Treatment Perspectives
Yip, J. (2022) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.100834 · Cited by 1
Kanani, M., Goodarzi, M. A., & Taghavi, M. R. (2022) · Psychiatry Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.psycom.2022.100061
Abalo‐Rodríguez, I., & Moratti, S. (2022) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/hzusb
New Directions for Symptoms and Diagnosis in Schizophrenia
Crecan-Suciu, B. D., & Paunescu, R. (2022) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.106806
Seeing speech: The cerebral substrate of tickertape synesthesiaPreprint
Hauw, F., Soudany, M. E., Rosso, C., Daunizeau, J., & Cohen, L. (2022) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.09.19.508477 · Cited by 2
“Although the mechanisms of such hallucinations are still elusive, they are often associated with overactivation of visual cortices, which show abnormal intrinsic and distant connectivity, supporting predominant top-down over bottom-up influences on visual experience (Amad et al., 2014; Dujardin et al., 2020; ffytche e…”
BackgroundA comprehensive study on the cognitive mechanisms and neural substrates of hallucination proneness
Johnson, J. F. (2022) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20221101jj
Lorente-Rovira, E., Grasa, E., Ochoa, S., Corripio, I., Peláez, T., López‐Carrilero, R., Gutiérrez-Gea, Á., Guillén, M. M., Moreno, J. M. V., Bartels‐Velthuis, A. A., et al. (2022) · Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.rpsmen.2020.03.002
Multimethod Assessment of Psychosis and Psychotic Phenomena
Mihura, J. L., Kleiger, J. H., & Khadivi, A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190092689.013.19
Nerland, S., Slapø, N. B., Barth, C., Mørch-Johnsen, L. E., Jørgensen, K. N., Beck, D., Wortinger, L. A., Westlye, L. T., Jönsson, E. G., Andreassen, O. A., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.04.18.23288743
“AH has a lifetime prevalence of 60-80% in SCZ (Waters et al., 2014) and can significantly affect quality of life (Chiang, Beckstead, Lo, & Yang, 2018; Choi et al., 2021).”
BackgroundUreste, P. J., Gunther, M. G., Artz, J. D., & Wang, K. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14372-4_9
Firdaus, R., Hernawaty, T., & Suryani, S. (2023) · SENTRI Jurnal Riset Ilmiah · doi:10.55681/sentri.v2i8.1407
A systematic review and meta-analysis on contrast sensitivity in schizophreniaPreprint
Linares, D., Joostens, A., & de la Malla, C. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/k6rf3
Bosacki, S. L. (2016) · doi:10.1002/9781394259212.oth1
Hallucinations, Visual and Auditory
Pelak, V. S. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95702-1.00092-0
The role of sleep health and cognitive control in the occurrence of hallucinatory experiencesPreprint
Punton, G., Smailes, D., McCarty, K., Ellis, J. G., & Moseley, P. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/erqh4
Aideyan, B. (2023) · Digital Repository Service (Northeastern University) · doi:10.17760/d20652988
Marian apparitions: A multidisciplinary approach. The case of Île Bouchard
Drouin, E., Fénelon, G., & Hendrickx, M. (2024) · Revue Neurologique · doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2024.04.008
Núñez, D. E., de Almeida, E. R., Smit, A. C., Snippe, E., Muller, M. K., van den Berg, D. P. G., Wang, Y., Veling, W., Booij, S. H., & Wigman, J. T. W. (2025) · Psychiatry Research Case Reports · doi:10.1016/j.psycr.2025.100251
Marian apparitions: A multidisciplinary approach. The case of Ile Bouchard
Drouin, E., Fénelon, G., & Hendrickx, M. (2025) · Annales Médico-psychologiques revue psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.amp.2025.02.014
Otte, M., & Wolf, R. C. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-32035-4_108-1
Neural Dynamics in Extrastriate Cortex Underlying False Alarms
Sahoo, B., & Snyder, A. C. (2025) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1733-24.2025
Avila, A., Coentre, R. M., Mendes, T., Levy, P., Cella, M., & Novais, F. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14103308
“Impairments in visual processing have been related to overall clinical severity in patients with schizophrenia and have been associated with the emergence of positive symptoms via a disruption in fronto-subcortical pathways [58].”
Chen, Q., Ma, Y., Li, Z., Yu, C., Wang, X., & Miao, A. (2025) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-025-13302-x
“Consequently, dysfunction within this region has been linked to visual perception disorders, including hallucinations and distortions [79, 80].”
Otte, M., & Wolf, R. C. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-73368-0_108
Khoe, H. C., Chang, C. W., & Ho, C. S. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009458634.0111
Garg, N., Jain, A., Garg, S., & Dhyani, M. (2025) · Archives of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.25259/abp_18_2025
The Time Machine revisited: An updated account of time-shifting in Alzheimer’s Disease
Lee, K., & James, I. A. (2025) · FPOP Bulletin Psychology of Older People · doi:10.53841/bpsfpop.2025.1.172.62
The Hitchhiker’s guide to hallucination research
Abalo‐Rodríguez, I., & Pinheiro, A. P. (2025) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2025.103941
Believing in simulated virtual scents produces reported olfactory sensations
Berg, A., & Henttonen, P. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-25418-1
“Visual hallucinations (VH), or visions, have been defined as visual percepts that are experienced when fully conscious but in the absence of the corresponding external stimulus 56 .”
Making Sense of Visual Hallucinations in Lewy Body Dementia for Informal Caregivers
Hutchinson, J. G., Knox, A., Collerton, D., & Prout, A. (2025) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/wad.0000000000000705
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Waters, F., Collerton, D., ffytche, D. H., Jardri, R., Pins, D., Dudley, R., Blom, J. D., Mosimann, U. P., Eperjesi, F., Ford, S., & Larøi, F.
- Affiliations
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- Cumbria Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- King's College London (GB)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille (FR)
- University of Groningen (NL)
- University of Bern (CH)
- Aston University (GB)
- Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (AU)
- University of Liège (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Waters, Flavie
- ORCID
- Venue
- Schizophrenia Bulletin
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2014-06-13
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- Suppl_4
- Pages
- S233-S245
- ISSN
- 0586-7614 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-1701
- PMC
- PMC4141306
- OpenAlex
- W2146834289
- Cited by
- 325
- References
- 123
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 8
- FWCI
- 12.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Schizophrenia Bulletin (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Aston Publications Explorer (Aston University) (submittedVersion)
- Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- ORBi (University of Liège) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Open Access CRIS of the University of Bern
- Funders
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- visual hallucinations, psychosis spectrum
- MeSH terms
- Affective Disorders, Psychotic, Brain, Eye Diseases, Hallucinations, Humans, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Severity of Illness Index, Visual Cortex, Neurodegenerative Diseases
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
