Depression and Schizophrenia: Cause, Consequence or Trans-diagnostic Issue?
Open accessAbstract
The presence of depression in schizophrenia has been a challenge to the Kraepelinian dichotomy, with various attempts to save the fundamental distinction including evoking and refining diagnoses such as schizoaffective disorder. But the tectonic plates are shifting. Here we put forward a summary of recent evidence regarding the prevalence, importance, possible aetiological pathways and treatment challenges that recognizing depression in schizophrenia bring. Taken together we propose that depression is more than comorbidity and that increased effective therapeutic attention to mood symptoms will be needed to improve outcomes and to support prevention.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Depressive symptoms encompass diagnoses and may play a central role in major psychiatric disorders to recognize more vulnerable subpopulations.
“Depressive symptoms encompass diagnoses and may play a central role in major psychiatric disorders to recognize more vulnerable subpopulations [13–15].”
From High depression symptomatology and mental pain characterize suicidal psychiatric patients (2022) · cites this paper as [13]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Cytokine function in medication-naive first episode psychosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Upthegrove, R., Manzanares-Teson, N., & Barnes, N. M. (2014) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.03.005 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Self-citationBirchwood, M., Iqbal, Z., Chadwick, P., & Trower, P. (2000) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.177.6.516 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Bullying victimisation and risk of psychotic phenomena: Analyses of british national survey data
Catone, G., Marwaha, S., Kuipers, E., Lennox, B., Freeman, D., Bebbington, P., & Broome, M. (2015) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00055-3 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mikulska, J., Juszczyk, G., Gawrońska-Grzywacz, M., & Herbet, M. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11101298 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Maj, M., van Os, J., De Hert, M., Gaebel, W., Galderisi, S., Green, M. F., Guloksuz, S., Harvey, P. D., Jones, P. B., Malaspina, D., et al. (2021) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20809 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Liu, J., Liu, Y., Ma, W., Tong, Y., & Zheng, J. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-62381-9 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Treatment of depression in schizophrenia: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Gregory, A., Mallikarjun, P., & Upthegrove, R. (2017) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.116.190520 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationHigh depression symptomatology and mental pain characterize suicidal psychiatric patients
Pompili, M., Innamorati, M., Erbuto, D., Luciano, M., Sampogna, G., Abbate-Daga, G., Barlati, S., Carmassi, C., Castellini, G., De Fazio, P., et al. (2022) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.2312 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Freeman, D., Yu, L.-M., Kabir, T., Martin, J., Craven, M., Leal, J., Lambe, S., Brown, S., Morrison, A., Chapman, K., et al. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031606 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Lalousis, P. A., Wood, S. J., Schmaal, L., Chisholm, K., Griffiths, S. L., Reniers, R. L. E. P., Bertolino, A., Borgwardt, S., Brambilla, P., Kambeitz, J., et al. (2021) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaa185 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationLiu, Y., Li, I., & Hsiao, F. (2021) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.14750 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Qi, S., Bustillo, J., Turner, J. A., Jiang, R., Zhi, D., Fu, Z., Deramus, T. P., Vergara, V., Ma, X., Yang, X., et al. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-0834-6 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Lim, M., Li, Z., Xie, H., Tan, B. L., & Lee, J. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2238-9 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Bergmann, N., Hahn, E., Hahne, I., Zierhut, M., Ta, T. M. T., Bajbouj, M., Pijnenborg, G. H. M., & Böge, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.708808 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“…a recent systematic review has further indicated the clinical interest of MBIs for individuals with first episode psychosis and with ultra-high risk for transition to psychosis, highlighting similar underlying mechanisms of action, such as reduced anxiety and improved QoL (Vignaud et al., 2019).”
BackgroundLyngstad, S. H., Gardsjord, E. S., Engen, M. J., Haatveit, B., Ihler, H. M., Wedervang-Resell, K., Simonsen, C., Melle, I., & Færden, A. (2020) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-020-01112-3 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Styła, R., & Kowalski, J. (2020) · Psychiatria Polska · doi:10.12740/pp/99564 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Lyngstad, S. H., Gardsjord, E. S., Simonsen, C., Engen, M. J., Romm, K. L., Melle, I., & Færden, A. (2018) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.07.015 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
- Authors
- Upthegrove, R., Marwaha, S., & Birchwood, M.
- Affiliations
- Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- University of Warwick (GB)
- Venue
- Schizophrenia Bulletin
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2016-07-15
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- sbw097
- ISSN
- 0586-7614 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-1701
- PMC
- PMC5605248
- OpenAlex
- W2463569666
- Cited by
- 400
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 3.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Schizophrenia Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (WMCLAHRC-2014-1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Keywords
- depression, schizophrenia
- MeSH terms
- Depressive Disorder, Humans, Psychotic Disorders, Schizophrenia, Comorbidity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review