Electrophysiological Correlates of Higher States of Consciousness During Sleep in Long-Term
Abstract
Standard ambulatory night sleep electroencephalograph (EEG) of 11 long-term practitioners of the Transcendental Meditation (TM) program reporting "higher states of consciousness" during sleep (the experimental group) was compared to that of nine short-term practitioners and 11 non-practitioners. EEG tracings during stages 3 and 4 sleep showed the experimental group to have: 1) theta-alpha activity simultaneously with delta activity and 2) decreased chin electromyograph (EMG) during deep sleep (p = 0.002) compared to short-term practitioners. Spectral analysis fast Fourier transform (FFT) data of the first three cycles showed that: 3) the experimental subjects had significantly greater theta 2 (6-8 Hz)-alpha 1 (8-10 Hz) relative power during stages 3 and 4 than the combined control groups [t(30) = 5.5, p = 0.0000008] with no difference in time in delta; 4) there was a graded difference across groups during stages 3 and 4 in theta 2-alpha 1 power, with experimentals having greater power than short-term practitioners, who in turn had greater power than non-practitioners [t(30) = 5.08, p = 0.00002]; and 5) experimentals also had increased rapid eye movement (REM) density during REM periods compared to short-term practitioners (p = 0.04). Previous studies have found increased theta-alpha EEG activity during reported periods of "transcendental consciousness" during the TM technique. In the Vedic tradition, as described by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, transcendental consciousness is the first of a sequence of higher states. The maintenance of transcendental consciousness along with deep sleep is said to be a distinctive criterion of further, stabilized higher states of consciousness. The findings of this study are interpreted as physiological support for this model.
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Several polysomnographic sleep studies have found greater cortical arousal during sleep in meditators, including increased stage-1 sleep, alpha-theta wake-like EEG, arousals, reduced slow-wave sleep, and increased gamma.
“In support of such increased wakefulness during sleep, several polysomnographic sleep studies have found greater cortical arousal during sleep in meditators, including increased stage-1 sleep, alpha-theta (wake-like) EEG, arousals, reduced slow-wave sleep,144, 162,164 and increased gamma.165”
From Awakening is not a metaphor: the effects of Buddhist meditation practices on basic wakefulness (2014) · cites this paper as [162]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Mason, L. I., Alexander, C. N., Travis, F. T., Marsh, G., Orme-Johnson, D. W., Gackenbach, J., Mason, D. C., Rainforth, M., & Walton, K. G.
- Affiliations
- Maharishi University of Management, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A.
- Duke University (US)
- University of Alberta (CA)
- University of Iowa (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mason, D. C.
- Venue
- Sleep
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1997-02-01
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 102-110
- ISSN
- 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9109
- OpenAlex
- W2336592706
- Cited by
- 131
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 5.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- SLEEP (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- transcendental meditation, higher states of consciousness, slow-wave sleep, REM sleep density, delta oscillations, sleep EEG, Vedic tradition, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Arousal, Consciousness, Electroencephalography, Electromyography, Female, Humans, Male, Sleep, REM, Meditation
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