Pulse Transit Time and Blood Pressure Changes Following Auditory-Evoked Subcortical Arousal and Waking of Infants
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STUDY OBJECTIVES: To establish a normal range of data in 3-month-old infants in relation to changes in cardiovascular measurements, with particular reference to pulse transit time (PTT), following subcortical arousals and awakenings from sleep. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Sleep laboratory, Dunedin Hospital PARTICIPANTS: Twenty healthy infants aged 9-12 weeks. METHODS: Nap studies were performed using a standard polysomnographic setup with the addition of a Portapres blood pressure (BP) cuff (wrist application) and a piezoelectric sensor on the foot. PTT was measured from the ECG-R waveform to the arrival of the pulse peripherally. Infants were exposed to white noise from 50 to 100 dB at 10 dB intervals within REM and NREM sleep. RESULTS: Awakening thresholds were higher (P = 0.01) in NREM (>90 dB) than REM sleep (mean +/- SD; 74.3 +/- 9.4dB). Subcortical thresholds were always 10 dB below waking thresholds. Following awakening, there was an immediate increase in HR, SBP, and DBP of 21%, 14%, and 17%, respectively, and a 13% decrease in PTT returning to baseline within 25-30 seconds. PTT at baseline measured 140 +/- 11 and 139 +/- 9 msec in NREM and REM sleep, respectively, and decreased approximately 20 msec with waking. PTT changes were negatively correlated with heart rate (HR) but not BP, although a trend was evident. CONCLUSIONS: At 3 months of age, infants provoked to arouse from sleep showed PTT changes that inversely mimicked BP trends, suggesting that PTT could be useful in infant studies as a marker for autonomic perturbations that occur during sleep in both clinical and research settings.
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Some studies suggest that the exclusion of the PEP from the PAT may improve correlation with SBP.
“Some studies suggest that the exclusion of the PEP from the PAT may improve correlation with SBP31,32.”
From Skin-interfaced biosensors for advanced wireless physiological monitoring in neonatal and pediatric intensive-care units (2020) · cites this paper as [32]
PAT correlates with blood pressure in infants.
“with prior reports providing evidence that PAT correlates with blood pressure in infants (35–37).”
From Binodal, wireless epidermal electronic systems with in-sensor analytics for neonatal intensive care (2019) · cites this paper as [37]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Galland, B. C., Tan, E., & Taylor, B. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Otago (NZ)
- Corresponding author
- Galland, Barbara C.
- Venue
- Sleep
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2007-07
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 891-897
- ISSN
- 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9109
- PMC
- PMC1978362
- OpenAlex
- W2149175862
- Cited by
- 34
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- SLEEP (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Keywords
- pulse transit time, blood pressure, infant sleep, auditory stimulation, REM sleep, NREM sleep, heart rate, autonomic nervous system, white noise, reference values
- MeSH terms
- Arousal, Blood Pressure, Electroencephalography, Electromyography, Electrooculography, Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Infant, Male, Oxygen, Prospective Studies, Sleep, REM, Wakefulness, Polysomnography
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