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Functional Neuroimaging Insights into the Physiology of Human Sleep.
Open accessAbstract
Functional brain imaging has been used in humans to noninvasively investigate the neural mechanisms underlying the generation of sleep stages. On the one hand, REM sleep has been associated with the activation of the pons, thalamus, limbic areas, and temporo-occipital cortices, and the deactivation of prefrontal areas, in line with theories of REM sleep generation and dreaming properties. On the other hand, during non-REM (NREM) sleep, decreases in brain activity have been consistently found in the brainstem, thalamus, and in several cortical areas including the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), in agreement with a homeostatic need for brain energy recovery. Benefiting from a better temporal resolution, more recent studies have characterized the brain activations related to phasic events within specific sleep stages. In particular, they have demonstrated that NREM sleep oscillations (spindles and slow waves) are indeed associated with increases in brain activity in specific subcortical and cortical areas involved in the generation or modulation of these waves. These data highlight that, even during NREM sleep, brain activity is increased, yet regionally specific and transient. Besides refining the understanding of sleep mechanisms, functional brain imaging has also advanced the description of the functional properties of sleep. For instance, it has been shown that the sleeping brain is still able to process external information and even detect the pertinence of its content. The relationship between sleep and memory has also been refined using neuroimaging, demonstrating post-learning reactivation during sleep, as well as the reorganization of memory representation on the systems level, sometimes with long-lasting effects on subsequent memory performance. Further imaging studies should focus on clarifying the role of specific sleep patterns for the processing of external stimuli, as well as the consolidation of freshly encoded information during sleep.
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“Prospective cognition during sleep also differs from that during wake in that some brain regions supporting episodic future stimulation in wake are conspicuously deactivated during sleep, including dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and regions of the posterior parietal lobes [64–66].”
From Constructive episodic simulation in dreams (2022) · cites this paper as [65]
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van Baal, T. L., Köhler, S., Koster, A., Meertens, R. M., Bosma, H., Schram, M. T., Jansen, J. F. A., Simons, S. O., de Galan, B. E., Eussen, S. J. P. M., et al. (2025) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaf218 · Cited by 2
“Moreover, future studies should go beyond examining global brain volumes and investigate distinct regions, such as the thalamus and the brainstem, which are known to be involved in sleep physiology [99].”
Nightly dynamics of emotional content in dreams
Palmieri, J., Elce, V., & Schönauer, M. (2025) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2025.109248 · Cited by 3
Fundamentals of MRI for assessing brain function and metabolism
Gomes, W. A., & Lipton, M. L. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139088268.006 · Cited by 2
An, S., Tsitseroshin, M. N., Galperina, E. I., Рожков, В. П., Kruchinina, O. V., Zaitseva, L. G., & Panasevich, E. A. (2012) · Human Physiology · doi:10.1134/s0362119712030127 · Cited by 3
The Role of Sleep in Cognitive Aging
Terlizzese, T., & Scullin, M. K. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108552684.039 · Cited by 2
The Sentinel Sleep Theory: The Biological Function of REM Sleep UnveiledPreprint
Spinassi, R. (2024) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202408.1867.v1 · Cited by 1
Functional neuroimaging: sedating medication effects
Landolt, H., & Urry, E. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139088268.053 · Cited by 1
“However, it is noteworthy that reduced rCBF in slow-wave sleep relative to waking or to all other sleep stages has been reported for the basal ganglia, insula, and anterior cingulate cortex (see [43] for recent review).”
InfluentialFrisk, M. K., Lisik, D., & Zou, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Sleep · doi:10.3389/frsle.2024.1400562 · Cited by 2
Jiang, H., Weihs, A., Frenzel, S., Klinger-König, J., Ewert, R., Stubbe, B., Berger, K., Penzel, T., Fietze, I., Bülow, R., et al. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.02.005 · Cited by 3
Roshchupkina, L., Urbain, C. M., & Peigneux, P. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197602751.013.37 · Cited by 1
Nocturnal hypoxia moderates the relationship between rapid eye movement sleep and anxiety
Jiang, F., Li, T., Huang, J., Fan, L., Zhou, W.-Z., Le, W., & Zhu, G. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07440-9 · Cited by 2
Neuromodulation in chronic insomnia: Targeting the dorsal raphe nucleus
Jeswani, H. K., & Maheshwari, S. (2025) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2025.106876 · Cited by 1
State-Dependent CNN–GRU Reinforcement Framework for Robust EEG-Based Sleep Stage Classification
Zakeri, S., Makouei, S., & Danishvar, S. (2026) · Biomimetics · doi:10.3390/biomimetics11010054 · Cited by 1
Compression of functional gradients during early nonrapid eye movement sleep
Tomasi, D. G., & Volkow, N. D. (2026) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgag221 · Cited by 1
Kang, D. W., Lim, H. K., Jung, W. S., Jeong, J., Kim, T., Han, J., Lee, C. U., & Hong, S. (2015) · Cited by 1
Recent advances in sleep physiology of interest to psychoanalysis
Kostopoulos, G. (2012) · International Forum of Psychoanalysis · doi:10.1080/0803706x.2012.657674 · Cited by 1
Clustering of Human Sleep Recordings Using a Quantile Representation of Stage Bout Durations
Wang, C., Usher, F. W., Álvarez, S. A., Ruiz, C., & Moonis, M. (2013) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-38256-7_25 · Cited by 1
Corticothalamic Rhythms during States of Reduced Vigilance
Crunelli, V., & Hughes, S. W. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-384995-3.00002-2 · Cited by 2
Cipolli, C., & Gennaro, L. D. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54359-4_5 · Cited by 1
Shioiri, T. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08359-9_85 · Cited by 1
Research Progress on the Impact of Sleep Disorders on Alzheimer’s Disease
陈, 慧. (2022) · Advances in Clinical Medicine · doi:10.12677/acm.2022.12101301 · Cited by 1
Gene Regulation by Nuclear Calcium and Its Antagonism by NMDAR/TRPM4 Signaling
Pruunsild, P., Bengtson, C. P., Yan, J., Bading, H., & Hagenston, A. M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-68550-7_4 · Cited by 1
Imaging Sleep and Sleep Deprivation
Dang‐Vu, T. T. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9087-6_4 · Cited by 1
“Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was subsequently used to assess brain responses associated with phasic events within sleep stages [ 3 , 4 ].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Dang-Vu, T. T., Schabus, M., Desseilles, M., Sterpenich, V., Bonjean, M., & Maquet, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Liège (BE)
- University of Geneva (CH)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Venue
- SLEEP
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-12
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1589-1603
- ISSN
- 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9109
- PMC
- PMC2982729
- OpenAlex
- W2101059856
- Cited by
- 284
- References
- 166
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 1.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- SLEEP (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Liège) (submittedVersion)
- Repository of the University of Namur (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R01EB009282)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Keywords
- sleep physiology, REM sleep, NREM sleep, sleep stages, dreams, sleep spindles, slow waves, sleep oscillations, brain energy homeostasis, medial prefrontal cortex, sleep and memory, memory consolidation
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Electroencephalography, Humans, Learning, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Memory, Sleep, Wakefulness, Positron-Emission Tomography
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