Intersectional and Transnational Coalitions during Times of Crisis: The European LGBTI Movement

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

LGBTI people embody the group with the fewest institutional mechanisms for applying pressure at the European level.

“Not only do LGBTI people represent a group with many crosscutting identities, but also some have argued that they embody-when compared to the representation of other social categories such as class, race/ethnicity, and gender-the group with the fewest institutional mechanisms for applying pressure at the European level (Verloo 2006).”

• cites Verloo 2006 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Cross-organizational and cross-movement alliances are frequent, but context-specific and predominantly facilitated by international organizations and European institutions instead of at the grassroots level.

“(2) on coalitions, cross-organizational and cross-movement alliances are frequent, but they are context-specific and, surprisingly, they are predominantly facilitated by international organizations and European institutions instead of at the grassroots level;”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The expert survey respondents' answers accurately reflect the intersectional consciousness and coalition practices of the European LGBTI movement.

May combine two claims.

Cross-movement coalitions are frequent, context-specific, and predominantly facilitated by INGOs and European institutions.

“Furthermore, while cross-movement coalitions are frequent, they are context-specific and predominantly facilitated by international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) and European institutions-that have been quick to develop an intersectional consciousness.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The expert survey respondents' answers accurately reflect the intersectional consciousness and coalition practices of the European LGBTI movement.

The quote only partly states this claim.

The financial crisis has heightened intersectional consciousness.

“I argue, somewhat paradoxically, that intersectional consciousness is most present at the transnational level, where the potential for brokering cross-movement relationships is high, and that the financial crisis has heightened that consciousness.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The expert survey respondents' answers accurately reflect the intersectional consciousness and coalition practices of the European LGBTI movement.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The movement's rhetorical use and attempted implementation of intersectional approaches has been precipitously increasing since 2008.

“The movement's rhetorical use and attempted implementation of intersectional approaches has been precipitously increasing since 2008, despite a political context fraught with populist resurgence, homonationalism, and financial crisis: one that might typically be a worst-case scenario for the feasibility of furthering political intersectionality.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The expert survey respondents' answers accurately reflect the intersectional consciousness and coalition practices of the European LGBTI movement.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

At the EU level, sexualities and gender identities tend to be rather diverse, with LGB and T people represented, and intersex people beginning to be represented.

“[At the EU level,] I have the impression sexualities and gender identities tend to be rather diverse however, with LGB and T people represented, and intersex people beginning to be represented (167).”

May combine two claims.

While the financial crisis had little measurable impact on resources, it had a strong and indirect effect on both intersectional consciousness and coalition formation.

“While the financial crisis seemed for many to have little measurable impact on resources, several said it has had a strong and indirect effect on both intersectional consciousness and coalition formation.”

May combine two claims.

Several natural partners in CEE, such as groups working on disability, have mixed or conservative positions toward LGBTI people, which makes collaboration less likely and imbalances power away from LGBTI groups when they do cooperate.

“Several natural partners in CEE, such as groups working on issues of disability, have mixed or conservative positions toward LGBTI people, which makes collaboration less likely, and subsequently imbalances power away from LGBTI groups when they do cooperate (169).”

May combine two claims.

The issue of underrepresentation in the leadership of transnational organizations is also present and even greater at the domestic level.

“The issue of underrepresentation in the leadership of transnational organizations is also present and even greater at the domestic level.”

May combine two claims.

There is awareness of the lack of diversity as a problem and a clear impetus to change it, but it remains a persistent problem.

“There is awareness of this as a problem and a clear impetus to change it, but it remains a persistent problem nonetheless.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted).

Cross-movement coalitions increased during the financial crisis.

“H1(a): Increased cross-movement coalitions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There is an increasing top-down focus to strive to enhance diversity practices within the movement.

“I think there is an increasing [top-down] focus to strive to enhance diversity practices within the movement (160).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The European movement tends to be mostly white, middle-class, and of home nationalities.

“Overall, I have the impression the European movement tends to be mostly white, middle-class, and of home nationalities.”

May combine two claims.

Survey respondents noted heightened hierarchies within the acceptance of various marginalized groups at the societal level, which has hindered alliances.

“Survey respondents noted heightened hierarchies within the acceptance of various marginalized groups at the societal level, which has hindered alliances.”

May combine two claims.

Cross-organizational and cross-movement alliances are most pronounced in Brussels and often facilitated by umbrella organizations like ILGA-Europe, IGLYO, TGEU, OII, and their counterparts.

“In this regard, survey responses suggested that cross-organizational and cross-movement alliances are most pronounced in Brussels and often facilitated by umbrella organizations like ILGA-Europe, IGLYO, Transgender Europe (TGEU), Organization Intersex International (OII), and their counterparts in other social justice domains (as shown in table 3).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted).

Intersectional consciousness heightened during the crisis.

“H1(b): Heightened intersectional consciousness.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Figure 1 visualizes an upward trend in key terms in delegate packets from 2005 to 2016.

“Using Nvivo software, figure 1 visualizes the upward trend in the crude measure of key terms in the delegate packets that accompanied the annual ILGA-Europe meetings between 2005 and 2016: intersectional/ity, age, disability, race, and migrant/refugee status.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

There has been an increased discussion within European organizations over the last five-plus years about intersectionality and about becoming more inclusive.

“There has been an increased discussion within European organizations over the last five-plus years about intersectionality and about becoming more inclusive.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Material from RFSL in Sweden has become more diverse over the past fifteen years, with a consciousness about who is selected to create inclusion.

“Fifteen years ago the material would have photos of typically white, able-bodied people between twenty-five and forty years old.Now material is much more diverse, and there is a consciousness about who is selected to create inclusion (162).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Domestic activists claimed that national alliances are most likely to crystalize around current happenings that affect more than one social group, and these alliances rarely endure beyond the specific campaign.

“Instead, domestic activists claimed that these national alliances are most likely to crystalize around current happenings that affect more than one social group, and interviewees noted that these alliances rarely endure beyond the specific campaign.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Transnational umbrella organizations in Brussels, such as ILGA-Europe, are recognized for effectively going beyond rhetoric to implement strategies that lead to diversity and inclusiveness.

“Transnational umbrella organizations in Brussels, such as ILGA-Europe, are recognized for effectively going beyond rhetoric to implement strategies that lead to diversity and inclusiveness”

May combine two claims.

Intersectionality is more of an imperative at the EU level but rarely happens in practice at the grassroots level.

“[Intersectionality is] more of an imperative at the EU level, but rarely happens in practice on the grassroots level.”

May combine two claims.

At the 2016 meeting, understanding of intersectionality remained muddled among many participants from local organizations, and ILGA-Europe's panelists took on a substantial teaching role.

“I should note that despite those impressive efforts, it was clear at the 2016 meeting that the understanding of the concept of intersectionality-especially how it relates to power-remained muddled among many of the participants from local organizations across the continent, and ILGA-Europe's panelists took on a substantial teaching role.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

External alliances beyond LGBTI issues may be more challenging for CEE organizations.

“To them, external alliances (beyond LGBTI issues) may be more challenging for CEE organizations.”

May combine two claims.

The movement seeks to be more inclusive and aware of intersectionality than it actually is on the ground, where middle-/upper-class gay men still dominate decision-making procedures.

“(3) on consciousness, the movement seeks to be more inclusive and aware of intersectionality than it actually is on the ground, where middle-/upper-class gay men still dominate decision-making procedures.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The expert survey respondents' answers accurately reflect the intersectional consciousness and coalition practices of the European LGBTI movement.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The movement in Scandinavian countries shows inclusiveness and diversity, and a great awareness of intersectionality.

“My impression is that the movement in Scandinavian countries shows inclusiveness and diversity, and a great awareness of intersectionality too.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

ILGA-Europe's annual meeting brings together hundreds of LGBTI organizations from across Council of Europe states.

“ILGA-Europe's annual meeting brings together hundreds of LGBTI organizations from across Council of Europe states (with scholarships to groups requiring funding).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

ILGA-Europe has played an important role in increased discussion about intersectionality and inclusiveness.

“ILGA-Europe has played an important role.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Many LGBTI events held at the European level have improved in terms of gender, age and nationality being widely represented.

“Many LGBTI events held at the European level have improved in terms of gender, age and nationality being widely represented.”

May combine two claims.

ILGA-Europe collaborates with European Disability Forum, European Women's Lobby, ENAR, European Youth Forum, TGEU, OII, European Anti-Poverty Network, AGE Platform Europe, and European Network on Religion and Belief.

“ILGA-Europe | IGLYO”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The overarching sentiment, shared by activists and practitioners in various spheres of the movement, is that the movement seeks to be more inclusive than it actually is.

“The overarching sentiment, shared by activists and practitioners in various spheres of the movement, is that the movement seeks to be more inclusive than it actually is”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

11% of European LGBTI organizations have 4-5 paid employees.

“4-5 | 11”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

12% of European LGBTI organizations have 6-10 paid employees.

“6-10 | 12”

May combine two claims.

IGLYO collaborates with European Disability Forum, European Women's Lobby, ENAR, European Youth Forum, TGEU, OII, European Network for Independent Living, World Organization of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts, and FEANTSA.

“ILGA-Europe | IGLYO”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A once cherished quota rule, assuring gender balance between two co-chairs, is criticized by many members for being too gender-binary for an institution that prides itself on trans and intersex inclusion.

“A once cherished quota rule, assuring gender balance between two co-chairs, is rightly criticized by many members for being too gender-binary for an institution that prides itself on trans and intersex inclusion.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

13% of European LGBTI organizations have 2 paid employees.

“2 | 1 3”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The ILGA-Europe Board now faces debates surrounding how to implement intersectionality within its gender-quota system.

“the ILGA-Europe Board now faces debates surrounding how to implement intersectionality within its gender-quota system.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

9% of European LGBTI organizations have 3 paid employees.

“3 | 9”

May combine two claims.

There are pitfalls to alliance building, including poor or unsustainable implementation, the privileging of large and transnational LGBTI organizations, and occasionally reifying group differences.

“There are pitfalls to such alliance building, however, including poor or unsustainable implementation, the privileging of large and transnational LGBTI organizations, and occasionally reifying group differences.”

May combine two claims.

The portrayal of LGBTI groups as weak and powerless, while correct some time ago, mischaracterizes the new paths and institutional mechanisms LGBTI organizations have paved.

“Somewhat surprisingly, however, this portrayal of a weak and powerless group, while correct some time ago, also mischaracterizes the new paths and institutional mechanisms LGBTI organizations have paved.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Coalitions are less likely to form when competition among resources is high.

“Yet in terms of organizational capacity, a core finding has been that coalitions are less likely to form when competition among resources is high.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Common interests across groups are more salient when financial resources are plentiful.

“For Suzanne Staggenborg (1986), whose work on coalition building called our attention to the interaction between political circumstances (in the form of opportunity and threat) and resources, common interests across groups are more salient when financial resources are plentiful.”

• cites Staggenborg 1986 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Respondents were selected strategically to elicit a wide range of insights at different levels, including both national and international advocacy organizations.

“Respondents were selected strategically to elicit a wide range of insights at different levels, including both national and international advocacy organizations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

When threat occurs in the form of an international crisis, transnational organizations are most able to peddle a narrative that defines that threat as shared.

“When threat occurs in the form of an international crisis, transnational organizations are most able to peddle a narrative that defines that threat as shared.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The EU case features strong international institutions supportive of LGBTI rights and is a most likely case for transnational cooperation and human rights promotion.

“The EU case not only allows for variation in LGBTI recognition and movement across states, it also features strong international institutions supportive of LGBTI rights-a most likely case for transnational cooperation and human rights promotion-and is a region greatly affected by the financial crisis.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The fourteen respondents represent an array of southern, northern, eastern, and western European states, as well as countries that experienced the consequences of the 2008 financial crisis quite differently.

“The fourteen respondents represent an array of southern, northern, eastern, and western European states, as well as countries that experienced the consequences of the 2008 financial crisis quite differently.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Threat is the most important determining factor for coalition building.

“For example, Holly McCammon and Karen Campbell (2002) find threat to be the most important determining factor for coalition building (see also Zepeda-Milla ´n 2017).”

• cites McCammon and Campbell 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Zepeda-Milla ´n 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The availability of funds for certain types of organizing generates that type of organizing.

“Indeed, resource mobilization theory-the idea that external resources strongly affect organizing (McCarthy and Zald 1977)-also suggests that the availability of funds for certain types of organizing generates that type of organizing.”

• cites McCarthy and Zald 1977Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Coalitions are likely to form when social justice groups are faced with opportunities or threats.

“Indeed, coalitions are likely to form when social justice groups are faced with opportunities or threats-though some studies have privileged one factor over another.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The LGBTI movement represents individuals and groups with highly varied lived experiences and access to social justice.

“Even within similar country contexts, the LGBTI movement represents individuals and groups with highly varied lived experiences and access to social justice.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Times of scarcity heighten awareness by generating a sense of shared threat and challenging INGOs to think pragmatically about cooperating for access to limited resources.

“Indeed, groups on the ground struggle with realizing the political potential of an intersectional approach to disrupt everyday power dynamics inherent in the movement; and times of scarcity heighten awareness by generating a sense of shared threat and challenging INGOs to think pragmatically about cooperating for access to limited resources.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The expert survey respondents' answers accurately reflect the intersectional consciousness and coalition practices of the European LGBTI movement.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

LGBTI groups are now key players in the landscape of European human rights work.

“LGBTI groups are now key players in the landscape of European human rights work.”

May combine two claims.

Intersectional consciousness and coalitions are expanded during times of financial crisis at a group level, and especially in the transnational sphere.

“Using the case of the LGBTI movement, I argue that intersectional consciousness and coalitions are expanded during times of financial crisis at a group level, and especially in the transnational sphere.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The expert survey respondents' answers accurately reflect the intersectional consciousness and coalition practices of the European LGBTI movement.

May combine two claims.

The movements that represent LGBTI people have a long history of transnational ties, but function in vastly different domestic contexts.

“The movements that represent LGBTI people have a long history of transnational ties, but function in vastly different domestic contexts; for example, European states vary greatly in terms of the resources available to LGBTI populations, the cultural receptiveness they enjoy, and the oppositions they face (Ayoub and Paternotte 2014).”

• cites Ayoub and Paternotte 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

LGBTI groups are rarely institutionalized as deserving of protection.

“This is said in the sense that LGBTI groups are rarely institutionalized as deserving of protection.”

May combine two claims.

Crisis is both political and ideological, and overwhelmingly constructed in favor of describing issues affecting dominant groups.

“I thus follow Dara Strolovitch (2013) to also complicate the popular understanding of crisis, a concept that is both political and ideological, and overwhelmingly constructed in favor of describing issues affecting dominant groups.”

• cites Strolovitch 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The EU is a region greatly affected by the financial crisis.

“The EU case not only allows for variation in LGBTI recognition and movement across states, it also features strong international institutions supportive of LGBTI rights-a most likely case for transnational cooperation and human rights promotion-and is a region greatly affected by the financial crisis.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Both of these arguments complicate simplistic accounts of resource mobilization and political process theorists, if we shift the dependent variable from mobilization to consciousness and cross-movement cooperation.

“In terms of theoretical novelty, both of these arguments complicate simplistic accounts of resource mobilization and political process theorists, if we shift the dependent variable from mobilization to consciousness and cross-movement cooperation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Participants in social movement participation typically score high on individual resources and biographical availability.

“This rationale is also well charted in work explaining social movement participation, which has typically found participants to score high on individual resources and biographical availability (Snow and Soule 2009, 109-148).”

• cites Snow and Soule 2009, 109-148Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

International organizations generally encompass more differences and have practice at building consensus around them among their member organizations.

“Second, international organizations, by their very nature, generally encompass more differences and have practice at building consensus around them among their member organizations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

National and local groups are generally more entrenched in the specifics of their immediate environment and can overlook the potential of convenient alliances in other contexts or with other groups.

“By contrast, national and local groups are generally more entrenched in the specifics of their immediate environment (though not always, depending on the group) and can overlook the potential of convenient alliances in other contexts or with other groups.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The proposal of legislative bills that affect multiple social groups can structurally bring movements together.

“Furthermore, the proposal of legislative bills that affect multiple social groups can structurally bring movements together.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The survey yielded a 70 percent response rate.

“The survey yielded a 70 percent response rate.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

People at the intersections of sexism, racism, class oppression, nativism, and language discrimination are equipped with evidence, ideas, insights, and ambitions that can help solve serious social problems.

“the experience of people”

• cites Chun, Lipsitz, and Shin 2013, 919 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Marginalized groups who depend on welfare and public services have limited time and resources for the work of political activism.

“the concern that marginalized groups who depend on welfare and public services have limited time and resources for the work of political activism”

• cites Emejulu 2015;Newman 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A change in intersectional consciousness may draw new people into movement mobilizations.

“A change in intersectional consciousness, however, may draw new people into movement mobilizations”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

A change in intersectional consciousness may generate visibility for new narratives of how to understand the broader dimensions to any particular struggle.

“and it may generate visibility for new narratives of how to understand the broader dimensions to any particular struggle.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Cooperation among two women's organizations declined as opportunities rose.

“McCammon and Campbell (2002), in their study of coalitions among suffragist groups, showed that cooperation among two women's organizations declined as opportunities rose.”

• cites McCammon and Campbell (2002) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Coalitions can be hierarchical and exclusionary, imposing strategies and goals on their members and only allowing official representatives to participate.

“coalitions”

• cites Staggenborg's (2015, 1)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Financial crisis provides an opportunity for coalitions across difference.

“They bring political process and resource mobilization schools together to argue that financial crisis provides an opportunity for coalitions across difference.”