Military Culture and the Transition to Civilian Life: Suicide Risk and Other Considerations
Abstract
Suicide among active duty military members and veterans has increased in the wake of the two international conflicts (RAND National Security Research Division, 2011), surpassing those of the general population for the first time since Vietnam. Recent research has identified the period of separation from the military as a period of elevated risk, regardless of deployment history (Reger et al., 2015). Although the association between deployment and suicide is not clear-cut, studies have shown that the transition to civilian life for Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) veterans who served in combat can be particularly difficult, with over 50 percent describing the readjustment to civilian life as a “real struggle” (Morin, 2011a). A successful transition is challenging to returning soldiers for many reasons, including the dissonance between military and civilian cultures (Elliott, Gonzalez, & Larsen, 2011). Returning from many years of military service has similarities to the culture shock experienced by immigrants when they first arrive in the United States: “There is the disorientation, change of status, and a search for identity and meaning” (Coll, Weiss, & Yarvis, 2011, p. 488). These adjustment issues may also be viewed within the context of assimilating back into the individualistic U.S. society, lacking the close bonds and collectivist value system experienced in the military (Bryan, Jennings, Jobes, & Bradley, 2012). This can potentially foster feelings of separateness when veterans transition to civilian life if the particular circumstances are such that they lack a sufficient social support system, or if they lack a shared experience with those systems. For instance, a recent report by Pietrzak, Johnson, Goldstein, Malley, and Southwick (2009) found that social support for OEF/OIF veterans during the transition to civilian life was negatively associated with suicidal ideation. Lemaire and Graham (2011) had similar findings in that sufficient social support could buffer against post-deployment stressors that were independently associated with suicidal ideation.
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Difficulties with adjustment and reintegration are associated with poorer outcomes in mental health, social and family relationships, employment and financial security, physical health, and stable housing.
“Difficulties with adjustment and reintegration are associated with poorer outcomes in mental health [5], social and family relationships [1, 9–11], employment and financial security [1,2,12), physical health [12] and stable housing [13, 14].”
From Feasibility, acceptability, and initial outcomes of a psychological adjustment and reintegration program for transitioned military veterans (2024) · cites this paper as [11]
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- Authors
- Pease, J. L., Billera, M., & Gerard, G.
- Affiliations
- Denver VA Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pease, James L.
- ORCID
- Pease, James L.
- Venue
- Social Work
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2015-11-04
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 83-86
- ISSN
- 0037-8046 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-6846
- OpenAlex
- W2281946029
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 13.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Social Work (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Education and Military Integration
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Keywords
- military culture, transition to civilian life, veteran suicide, suicide risk, Operation Enduring Freedom, Iraq War, culture shock, social support, suicidal ideation, collectivism, individualism, combat veterans
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Cultural Characteristics, Female, Humans, Male, Military Personnel, Risk, Social Adjustment, Social Support, Suicide, United States, Veterans, Wounds and Injuries
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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