Cited by 87Autophagy in Disease and TherapyArsenic contamination and mitigationHeavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity

Autophagy Is a Cell Self-Protective Mechanism Against Arsenic-Induced Cell Transformation

Zhang, Tao, Qi, Yuanlin, Liao, Mingjun, Xu, Mei, Bower, Kimberley A., Frank, Jacqueline A., Shen, Han-Ming, Luo, Jia +2 more·2012·Toxicological Sciences

Abstract

Subchronic exposure to arsenic increases the incidence of human cancers such as skin, lung, colon, and rectal cancer. The mechanism for arsenic-induced tumorigenesis is still not clear. It is generally believed that DNA damage and genomic instability, generated by arsenic-promoted oxidative stress, account largely for this process. The major sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are arsenic-damaged mitochondria. Autophagy is a catabolic process functioning in turnover of long-lived proteins and dysfunctional organelles such as mitochondria. Defects of autophagy under stress conditions promote genomic instability and increase the risk of tumorigenesis. In the present study using a human bronchial epithelial cell line, BEAS-2B cells, we investigated the role of autophagy in arsenic-induced cell transformation, an important step in arsenic tumorigenesis. Our results show that subchronic arsenic exposure induces BEAS-2B cell transformation accompanied with increased ROS generation and autophagy activation. However, the patterns for ROS and autophagy alteration are different. Arsenic exposure generated a prolonged and steady increase of ROS levels, whereas the activation of autophagy, after an initial boost by arsenic administration, decreases in response to subchronic arsenic exposure, although the activity is still higher than a nontreated control. Further stimulation of autophagy increases mitochondria turnover and decreases ROS generation and arsenic-induced cell transformation. Contrarily, inhibition of autophagy activity decreases mitochondria turnover and enhances arsenic-induced ROS generation and cell transformation. In addition, the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway is involved in arsenic-mediated autophagy activation. Our results suggest that autophagy is a cell self-protective mechanism against arsenic-induced cell transformation.

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Crossref · 10.1093/toxsci/kfs240

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46 of 46 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • There is a negative correlation between positive symptoms and SOD levels.

    “This denotes a negative correlation between positive symptoms (e.g. hallucinations) and SOD levels (Zhang et al. 2012).”
  • Significantly higher level of SOD has been observed among chronically ill patients taking antipsychotic drugs than in patients in first episode; this indicates level of oxidative stress occurs mainly in first episode characterized by fewer symptoms.

    “Significantly higher level of SOD has been observed among chronically ill patients taking antipsychotic drugs than in patients in the first episode. This observation indicates that the level of oxidative stress occurs mainly in the first episode characterized by fewer symptoms (Zhang et al. 2012).”

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Authors
Zhang, T., Qi, Y., Liao, M., Xu, M., Bower, K. A., Frank, J. A., Shen, H.-M., Luo, J., Shi, X., & Chen, G.
Affiliations
  • Fujian Medical University (CN)
  • University of Kentucky (US)
  • National University of Singapore (SG)
Corresponding author
  • Zhang, Tao
  • Qi, Yuanlin
Venue
Toxicological Sciences
Published
2012-08-05
Volume
130
Issue
2
Pages
298-308
ISSN
  • 1096-0929 (ISSN-L)
  • 1096-6080
OpenAlex
W2110511030
Cited by
87
References
47
Citations by year
2024: 4 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
FWCI
4.79
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Toxicological Sciences (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
  • HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Arsenic contamination and mitigation
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity
Keywords
arsenic, autophagy, cell transformation, reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, mitochondrial turnover, genomic instability, mTOR signaling, BEAS-2B cells, bronchial epithelial cells
MeSH terms
Animals, Autophagy, Cell Line, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic, Epithelial Cells, Humans, Lung Neoplasms, Male, Mice, Nude, Microtubule-Associated Proteins, Mitochondria, Time Factors, Transfection, Signal Transduction, Reactive Oxygen Species, Sodium Compounds, Arsenites, Oxidative Stress, Sirolimus, Respiratory Mucosa, Tumor Burden, Protein Kinase Inhibitors, Mice, TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases

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