Is There a Case for Industrial Policy? A Critical Survey
Open accessAbstract
This article defines industrial policy as selective intervention to alter the production structure toward sectors expected to offer better growth prospects and concludes that empirical support for activist policy is limited despite theoretical market-failure arguments.
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Claims the paper makes
2 of 38 cited sources checked · 2 supported · 0 flagged
- Interpretationreasoning§ Informational Externalities
In economies where firms face substantial entry barriers, the underinvestment problem noted by Hausmann and Rodrik (2003) is not likely to be serious.
“This suggests that in economies where firms face substantial entry barriers, the underinvestment problem noted by Hausmann and Rodrik (2003) is not likely to be serious.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Hausmann and Rodrik (2003) source
- Findingnone given§ Howard Pack • Kamal Saggi
There are many instances where industrial policy has failed to yield any gains.
“Although there are cases where government intervention coexists with success, there are many instances where industrial policy has failed to yield any gains.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given§ Does Industrial Policy Work?
All the empirical analysis examines the contemporaneous impact of policies.
“Moreover, all the empirical analysis examines the contemporaneous impact of policies-for example, did Korean industries that were encouraged experience greater total factor productivity growth in the period when main promotion occurred, 1973-85?”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation§ Export Processing Zones and Other Clusters
There are few clues in the existing literature about why some export processing zones have been successful, while most have failed.
“There are few clues in the existing literature about why some export processing zones have been successful, while most have failed (for a review and an evaluation of the Philippine experience, see Calanog 2006).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Calanog 2006
- Findingcitation§ Export Processing Zones and Other Clusters
Evaluation suggests that export-processing zones, while potentially useful, have had indifferent results.
“Evaluation suggests that while potentially useful, they have had indifferent results (for references, see World Bank 2005).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites World Bank 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingnone given§ Does Industrial Policy Work?
Few of the empirical analyses find that sectoral targeting has been particularly effective.
“Few of the empirical analyses find that sectoral targeting has been particularly effective.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given§ Export Processing Zones and Other Clusters
There have been a few success stories of export-processing zones, such as the Republic of Korea and Taiwan, China, in the 1950s and early 1960s and the special economic zones of China.
“There have been a few success stories, such as the Republic of Korea and Taiwan, China, in the 1950s and early 1960s and the special economic zones of China.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given§ The International Dimension: Role of Exports and FDI
Analytical models that explore the relationship between multinationals and backward linkages in the host country are hard to come by.
“However, analytical models that explore the relationship between multinationals and backward linkages in the host country are hard to come by.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning§ The Indian software industry and the new industrial policy.
There is no evidence of government initiation or preference in the Indian software industry.
“There is no evidence of government initiation or preference.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Howard Pack • Kamal Saggi
It is difficult to attribute Japan's success to its industrial policy because we do not know how Japan would have fared under laissez-faire policies.
“Because we do not know how Japan would have fared under laissez-faire policies, it is difficult to attribute its success to its industrial policy.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ The Infant Industry Argument: A Precursor of Modern Industrial Policy
In today's world of global capital markets, the simple version of the infant industry argument runs into difficulty because investors ought to be able to determine the prospects for the domestic infant industry from the experience of foreign producers.
“In today's world of global capital markets the simple version of the infant industry argument runs into another difficulty: Investors ought to be able to determine the prospects for the domestic infant industry from the experience of foreign producers.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Howard Pack • Kamal Saggi
Relevant counterfactuals are not available.
“The most difficult issue is that relevant counterfactuals are not available.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationnone given§ Howard Pack • Kamal Saggi
The recent ascendance and dominance of international production networks in sectors in which developing countries once had considerable success implies a further limitation on the potential role of industrial policies as traditionally understood.
“Moreover, the recent ascendance and dominance of international production networks in the sectors in which developing countries once had considerable success implies a further limitation on the potential role of industrial policies as traditionally understood.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisereasoning§ The Infant Industry Argument: A Precursor of Modern Industrial Policy
Financial actors are often deficient.
“From early bubbles such as the tulip mania of the seventeenth century to the Internet bubble of the late 1990s, it is clear that financial actors are often deficient.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Howard Pack • Kamal Saggi
Only indirect evidence can be obtained regarding the efficacy of industrial policy.
“Given this basic difficulty, only indirect evidence can be obtained regarding the efficacy of industrial policy.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ The Infant Industry Argument: A Precursor of Modern Industrial Policy
If firms cannot prevent the leakage of knowledge that is costly to create, they will have little incentive to create such knowledge.
“If firms cannot prevent the leakage of knowledge that is costly to create, they will have little incentive to create such knowledge.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ The Infant Industry Argument: A Precursor of Modern Industrial Policy
The explanation that investors believe an industry that has succeeded abroad will not necessarily succeed at home can be consistent with the hypotheses underlying the infant industry argument only if investors are not fully rational.
“But this explanation can be consistent with the very hypotheses underlying the infant industry argument only if investors are not fully rational.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ The Infant Industry Argument: A Precursor of Modern Industrial Policy
The argument that capital market imperfections prevent the infant industry from obtaining required financing defies credibility because it requires one to believe that firms that have not even begun production know more about their prospects than investors.
“However, such an argument defies credibility because it requires one to believe that firms that have not even begun production know more about their prospects than investors whose main objective is to find profitable uses for their excess capital and have previously analyzed and financed similar projects.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Howard Pack • Kamal Saggi
There is little empirical support for an activist government policy.
“Overall, there appears to be little empirical support for an activist government policy even though market failures exist that can, in principle, justify the use of industrial policy.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ The Infant Industry Argument: A Precursor of Modern Industrial Policy
There is no market failure if investors do not provide capital because they perceive the rewards not to be commensurate with the risks they are asked to bear.
“But efficiency requires that those bearing risks should be compensated, and there is no market failure if the underlying problem is that investors do not provide the necessary capital because they perceive the rewards not to be commensurate with the risks they are asked to bear.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationnone given§ Howard Pack • Kamal Saggi
Public interventions have played only a limited role in recent industry successes.
“It also reviews some recent industry successes and argues that public interventions have played only a limited role.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ The Infant Industry Argument: A Precursor of Modern Industrial Policy
Given the uncertainty associated with new technologies, a delayed pattern of adoption might even be socially optimal.
“Not only that, given the uncertainty associated with new technologies, a delayed pattern of adoption might even be socially optimal.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationnone given§ The Infant Industry Argument: A Precursor of Modern Industrial Policy
A production subsidy to the entire sector will fail to remedy the externality.
“A production subsidy to the entire sector will also fail to remedy the externality.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation§ The Infant Industry Argument: A Precursor of Modern Industrial Policy
The presence of interindustry spillovers is not sufficient to justify intervention.
“However, the presence of such economies is not sufficient to justify intervention.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Knowledge Spillovers, Dynamic Scale Economies, and Industrial Targeting
DARPA's success addressed a market failure because the social benefits of the research were much larger than the anticipated private benefits.
“This instance of success addressed a market failure, in that the social benefits of the research were much larger than the anticipated private benefits.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ The Infant Industry Argument: A Precursor of Modern Industrial Policy
If property rights over knowledge are not enforceable, this can create a rationale for government intervention.
“If property rights over knowledge are not enforceable, this can create a rationale for government intervention.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisereasoning§ Why Industrial Policy?
Under market failures, a competitive market system does not yield the socially efficient outcome.
“As is known from a basic theorem of welfare economics, under such market failures a competitive market system does not yield the socially efficient outcome.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Does Industrial Policy Work?
Lee (1996) finds a lack of impact of Korean industrial policies on sectoral capital accumulation or TFP growth.
“Following a method broadly similar to that of Beason and Weinstein (1996), Lee (1996) finds a similar lack of impact of Korean industrial policies on sectoral capital accumulation or total factor productivity growth.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lee (1996)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ The International Dimension: Role of Exports and FDI
The concentration of inward FDI into a handful of developing countries suggests that only a few countries can benefit from this process.
“However, the concentration of inward FDI into a handful of developing countries suggests that only a few countries can benefit from this process-Egypt and Tanzania are not China.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Coordination Failures as a Rationale for Industrial Policy
It is unlikely that multinational firms would experience the type of coordination problems that confront small producers in developing countries.
“It is unlikely that multinational firms would experience the type of coordination problems that confront small producers in developing countries.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation§ Does Industrial Policy Work?
Even if it could be shown that the success of a few firms is attributable to earlier encouragement by the government, the aggregate effects suggest there was not a major impact at the national level during the main period of growth acceleration.
“Even if it could be shown that the success of a few firms is attributable to earlier encouragement by the government, the aggregate effects cited above suggest there was not a major impact at the national level during the main period of growth acceleration.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisereasoning§ The International Dimension: Role of Exports and FDI
A potential rationale for industrial policy in the context of exports arises when product quality is unknown to foreign consumers.
“A potential rationale for industrial policy in the context of exports arises when product quality is unknown to foreign consumers.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Informational Externalities
In the presence of informational externalities, a free-rider problem arises between initial and subsequent investors.
“In the presence of informational externalities, a free-rider problem arises between initial and subsequent investors.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Large numbers of English-trained programming graduates.
The main impetus to demand for Indian software came from abroad from a series of serendipitous events.
“The main impetus to demand came from abroad from of a series of serendipitous events.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ Does Industrial Policy Work?
Detailed firm histories by Kim (1997) or Hobday (1995) do not suggest carryover effects from earlier R&D to later successful products.
“Fully resolving divergent views is impossible, but detailed firm histories by Kim (1997) or Hobday (1995) do not suggest such carryover.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Kim (1997)
- cites Hobday (1995)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ The International Dimension: Role of Exports and FDI
Because these models assume no trade in intermediates and then use FDI as the channel that provides some intermediates or increases demand for local intermediate goods producers, the models are likely to overstate the impact of multinationals on industrial development.
“As a result, the models are likely to overstate the impact of multinationals on industrial development.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given§ Coordination Failures as a Rationale for Industrial Policy
Vertical integration between intermediate and final goods producers can help resolve some coordination problems.
“For example, vertical integration between intermediate and final goods producers can help resolve some coordination problems, although there are clearly limits to the extent to which organizations can adjust their scale and scope to solve coordination problems.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Does Industrial Policy Work?
The difficulty of constructing a single agreed on counterfactual precludes a robust conclusion about industrial policy's impact.
“Nevertheless, as noted at the beginning of this article, the difficulty of constructing a single agreed on counterfactual precludes a robust conclusion.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisereasoning§ Government Knowledge Requirements
The performance of portfolio managers in industrial country stock markets suggests that few well-trained equity analysts can evaluate even much more certain and grosser characteristics of existing firms and industries with long track records.
“It is possible that government officials might be this omniscient, but the performance of the portfolio managers in industrial country stock markets suggests that few of the well-trained (and remunerated) equity analysts can evaluate even much more certain and grosser characteristics of existing firms and industries with long track records.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Informational Externalities
If world prices changed with a country's exports or output, complete concentration in the modern sector need not obtain.
“Clearly, if world prices changed with a country's exports or output, complete concentration in the modern sector need not obtain.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Export Processing Zones and Other Clusters
A critical input for success of the science park and special economic zones was foreign participation that dealt with some of the roles cited above as components of industrial policy.
“A critical input for success was foreign participation that dealt with some of the roles cited above as components of industrial policy (source of new technology, facilitation of learning, source of new product ideas, centralized marketing allowing economies of scope, and coordination of entry of complementary firms).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationnone given§ Coordination Failures as a Rationale for Industrial Policy
The coordination failure argument rests on certain key assumptions, particularly that the organization of production activity is exogenously given.
“While the theoretical rationale for redressing coordination failure appears to be sound, the argument rests on certain key assumptions, particularly that the organization of production activity is exogenously given.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Government Knowledge Requirements
Industrial firms themselves do not have the ability to successfully forecast such developments.
“Nor do industrial firms themselves have the ability to successfully forecast such developments.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ The International Dimension: Role of Exports and FDI
Investment incentives and tax breaks to multinational investors work against their local competitors.
“Investment incentives and tax breaks to multinational investors work against their local competitors.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ The International Dimension: Role of Exports and FDI
An important implication of this interdependence among competing multinationals is that a host country may be able to unleash a sequence of investments by successfully inducing FDI from one or two important firms.
“An important implication of this interdependence among competing multinationals is that a host country may be able to unleash a sequence of investments by successfully inducing FDI from one or two important firms.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Coordination Failures as a Rationale for Industrial Policy
The coordination failure argument relies heavily on the assumption of nontradable intermediate inputs.
“Perhaps the biggest problem with the coordination failure argument is that it relies heavily on the assumption of nontradable intermediate inputs, partly reflecting the fact that much of the early literature was based on the example of the steel and automobile industries of the 1960s rather than products for which transportation costs for intermediates are likely to be low.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Does Industrial Policy Work?
Pack (2000) estimates that even an assumed successful industrial policy in Japan and Korea could have had at most a roughly 0.5 percentage point increase in total GDP growth rate of roughly 10 percent over the relevant periods.
“Pack (2000) follows a different strategy, assuming that total factor productivity increased in favored manufacturing sectors in both Japan and the Republic of Korea and estimates how much of an impact even an assumed successful policy could have had on the growth of gross domestic product.The most favorable estimate is a roughly 0.5 percentage point increase in total gross domestic product growth”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Pack (2000) source
- Premisecitation§ Coordination Failures as a Rationale for Industrial Policy
The huge growth in international supply chains established by multinational firms has become one of the most visible features of industrial growth in the last decade.
“Indeed, the huge growth in international supply chains established by multinational firms has become one of the most visible features of industrial growth in the last decade (Sturgeon and Lester 2002).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Sturgeon and Lester 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ Coordination Failures as a Rationale for Industrial Policy
The case for industrial policy on the basis of coordination failures is quite thin if inward foreign direct investment is feasible.
“But the problem then is that the case for industrial policy on the basis of coordination failures is quite thin if inward foreign direct investment (FDI) is feasible.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Informational Externalities
A more likely scenario would be that a country should produce higher quantities of modern goods for which it has a more favorable productivity draw and lower quantities of other goods.
“A more likely scenario would be that a country should produce higher quantities of modern goods for which it has a more favorable productivity draw and lower quantities of other goods.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation§ The International Dimension: Role of Exports and FDI
The pattern of FDI behavior in Mexico-investment by one firm followed by investment by others-probably reflects strategic considerations involved in FDI decisions.
“The pattern of FDI behavior in Mexicoinvestment by one firm followed by investment by others-probably reflects strategic considerations involved in FDI decisions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Laderman, Maloney, and Serven 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ Government Knowledge Requirements
The sheer knowledge and skill requirements of implementing first-best industrial policy would exceed that possessed by almost any institution, including the best consulting firms.
“Quite apart from the dangers of optimal policy being subverted by industries and firms that would benefit, the sheer knowledge and skill requirements would exceed that possessed by almost any institution, including the best consulting firms.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The performance of equity analysts in industrial country stock markets is a valid benchmark for the ability of government officials to evaluate industrial policy.
- Interpretationcitation§ Does Industrial Policy Work?
The most favorable estimate of industrial policy's impact on GDP growth is hardly the magic key to accelerated growth.
“While this is significant, it is hardly the magic key to accelerated growth.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Informational Externalities
If there is free entry ex post, no entrepreneur may be willing to make the required sunk investment ex ante.
“If there is free entry ex post, no entrepreneur may be willing to make the required investment ex ante: If the activity indeed turns out to be profitable, other entrepreneurs will be attracted to it, thereby eliminating all rents.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given§ Large numbers of English-trained programming graduates.
Indian software firms also benefited from another fortuitous event, the European Union's move to the euro.
“Indian software firms also benefited from another fortuitous event, the European Union's move to the euro.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ The foreign role.
Many Indian expatriates helped to convince large firms such as Oracle, Novell, and Bay Networks to establish operations in India.
“Many Indian expatriates helped to convince large firms such as Oracle, Novell, and Bay Networks to establish operations in India (Saxenian 1999).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Saxenian 1999
- Interpretationreasoning§ The foreign role.
With FDI came much of the infrastructure and international knowledge that allowed Indian firms to exploit international opening.
“With FDI came much of the infrastructure and international knowledge that allowed Indian firms to exploit international opening.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Texas Instruments augmented Bangalore's inadequate land-based telecommunication infrastructure by investing in its own satellite communications network.
- Rests on an assumption: Some of Texas Instruments' satellite lines were later leased to other software firms, enabling them to expand their India-based operations instead of relying solely on onsite services abroad.
- Rests on an assumption: Until the government built software technology parks in the 1990s, Texas Instrument's satellite network remained an important driving force behind the offshore development of software exports.
- Interpretationreasoning§ Is Industrial Policy Still Relevant?
These requirements, now fairly standard in many product areas, suggest that successful penetration of high-income markets will become increasingly difficult for countries that have not yet industrialized.
“These requirements, now fairly standard in many product areas, suggest that successful penetration of high-income markets will become increasingly difficult for countries that have not yet industrialized.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ The foreign role.
Some Indian expatriates lobbied the Indian government to revamp its telecommunication policies and other regulations that had impeded growth of the Indian software industry.
“some of these expatriates lobbied the Indian government to revamp its telecommunication policies and other regulations that had impeded growth of the Indian software industry (Kripalani 2000).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kripalani 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationnone given§ The Indian software industry and the new industrial policy.
Although there was an agglomeration of firms in Bangalore, this was achieved spontaneously without government direction.
“Although there was clearly an agglomeration of firms in Bangalore, this was achieved spontaneously without government direction.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationnone given§ The Indian software industry and the new industrial policy.
A symbiosis of foreign and domestic firms was critical to the Indian software industry.
“A symbiosis of foreign and domestic firms was critical.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ The foreign role.
Once U.S.-based firms became interested in India, Bangalore's reputation for technical excellence and its abundant supply of information technology graduates made it a natural choice for foreign companies to locate their software business there.
“Once U.S.-based firms became interested in India, Bangalore's reputation for technical excellence and its abundant supply of information technology graduates made it a natural choice for foreign companies to locate their software business there (Stremlau 1996).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Stremlau 1996 source
- Interpretationreasoning§ Is Industrial Policy Still Relevant?
For firms attempting to enter export markets, simply achieving low cost is not sufficient to realize foreign sales.
“For firms attempting to enter export markets, it cannot be assumed that simply achieving low cost is sufficient to realize foreign sales.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Concluding Remarks
The experience in several countries in the last two decades suggests that private firms have often been successful in pursuing learning strategies that earlier analysts had advocated.
“The experience in several countries in the last two decades suggests that private firms have often been successful in pursuing learning strategies that earlier analysts had advocated.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Concluding Remarks
In none of these cases was there a government policy that singled out individual firms or industries with high learning potential and likely spillovers.
“In none of these cases was there a government policy that singled out individual firms or industries with high learning potential and likely spillovers.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ The foreign role.
FDI accounted for a large share of early investment in the Indian software sector-70 percent in Bangalore in 1996.
“FDI accounted for a large share of early investment in the sector-70 percent in Bangalore in 1996, for example (The Economist 1996).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites The Economist 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ The foreign role.
Marketing costs account for as much as 70-80 percent of the final price of a software package.
“Because marketing costs account for as much as 70-80 percent of the final price of a software package (Lakha 1994)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lakha 1994 source
- Interpretationcitation§ Is Industrial Policy Still Relevant?
In textiles, clothing, electronics, automotive parts, and other sectors, being part of an international product network is critical to exporting and quality upgrading.
“In textiles, clothing, electronics, automotive parts, and other sectors being part of an international product network is critical to exporting and quality upgrading.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Concluding Remarks
Standard comparative advantage can explain the pattern of sector choice in these cases.
“Standard comparative advantage can explain the pattern of sector choice.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Concluding Remarks
Compared with the exceptionally complex process of either picking sectors (or firms) or allowing firms to identify their own competitive advantage, it seems much more efficient in the current state of intensifying world competition and the growing importance of extensive and complex supply networks to allow foreign firms to facilitate cost reduction in the host economy.
“Compared with the exceptionally complex process of either picking sectors (or firms) or allowing firms to identify their own competitive advantage, it seems much more efficient in the current state of intensifying world competition and the growing importance of extensive and complex supply networks to allow foreign firms to facilitate cost reduction in the host economy.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Large numbers of English-trained programming graduates.
A contributing factor was the level of programming costs in India, which conferred a Ricardian comparative advantage in some subsectors of software.
“A contributing factor was the level of programming costs in India, which conferred a Ricardian comparative advantage in some subsectors of software.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ Is Industrial Policy Still Relevant?
The existence of supply networks imposes a significant challenge for developing-country firms that are not embedded in such a network, because lead firms usually succeed in generating higher performance in design, engineering, effective use of information and communication technology, and ability to coordinate production in several locations.
“The existence of supply networks imposes a significant challenge for developing-country firms that are not embedded in such a network, because the lead firms usually succeed in generating higher performance in design, engineering, effective use of information and communication technology, and ability to coordinate production in several locations (Yusuf and others 2003).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Yusuf and others 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ The foreign role.
Having foreign partners significantly lowered marketing costs for small Indian software firms.
“It also significantly lowered marketing costs.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ The foreign role.
A main contributor to development of the Indian software industry was the large number of expatriate Indian information technology professionals in Silicon Valley.
“A main contributor to development of the Indian software industry was the large number of expatriate Indian information technology professionals in Silicon Valley.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites James 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Saxenian 1999
- cites Kripalani 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ Is Industrial Policy Still Relevant?
Firms that are not part of such networks may not succeed even if they are as efficient as members in production costs.
“Firms that are not part of such networks may not succeed even if they are as efficient as members in production costs.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ The Indian software industry and the new industrial policy.
All of the Indian software industry's success was privately initiated.
“All of it was privately initiated.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ The foreign role.
For small Indian firms attempting to move out of the low-end of the software business by venturing into software packaging, having foreign partners gave them access to an established distribution network and knowledge of recent trends in the software market.
“And for small Indian firms attempting to move out of the low-end of the software business by venturing into software packaging, having foreign partners gave them access to an established distribution network and knowledge of recent trends in the software market (because of proximity to demand in the United States).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ The foreign role.
Indian software firms benefited from foreign joint ventures and partnerships, which created markets for Indian software exports.
“Indian software firms also benefited from foreign joint ventures and partnerships, which created markets for Indian software exports.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Is Industrial Policy Still Relevant?
Poorer countries, even if they have a potential cost advantage after a long learning period, will have trouble breaking into existing networks.
“Poorer countries even if they have a potential cost advantage after a long learning period will have trouble breaking into these existing networks.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ The foreign role.
Partnerships with foreign firms added to the credibility of Indian firms, serving as an endorsement of their quality and reliability without government encouragement.
“Partnerships with foreign firms added to the credibility of Indian firms, serving as an endorsement of its quality and reliability without government encouragement.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Large numbers of English-trained programming graduates.
This combination of skills and cost savings led firms in some industrial countries to outsource their software development requirements to India.
“This combination of skills and cost savings led firms in some industrial countries to outsource their software development requirements to India.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationnone given§ The Indian software industry and the new industrial policy.
Foreign contracts rather than government subsidies provided the basis for international exploration of markets for Indian software.
“Foreign contracts rather than government subsidies provided the basis for international exploration of markets.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 48
- May combine two claims. 38
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ Informational ExternalitiesThe market equilibrium in Hausmann and Rodrik's model yields too little specialization.
“The second market failure identified by Hausmann and Rodrik (2003) is that the market equilibrium yields too little specialization-all activities that turn out to be profitable are sustained whereas optimality requires that only the one activity with the highest return be pursued.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Hausmann and Rodrik (2003) source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Findingnone given§ Large numbers of English-trained programming graduates.Between 2000 and 2002 India earned an estimated $3 billion in revenues from euro-related information technology projects.
“Between 2000 and 2002 India earned an estimated $3 billion in revenues from euro-related information technology projects.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingnone given§ Export Processing Zones and Other ClustersThere are few normative evaluations of clusters in high-income countries employing social cost-benefit analyses or even grosser measures such as growth of exports relative to firms outside the cluster but in the same sector.
“There are interesting descriptions of a number of clusters in high-income countries, but few normative evaluations of their success employing social cost-benefit analyses or even grosser measures such as growth of exports relative to firms outside the cluster but in the same sector.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingcitation§ Does Industrial Policy Work?In Japan, industries that were encouraged did not experience significantly faster rates of total factor productivity growth than others, and R&D subsidies were largely ineffective.
“Industries that were encouraged did not experience significantly faster rates of total factor productivity growth than others, and R&D subsidies were largely ineffective.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingnone given§ Export Processing Zones and Other ClustersPositive government efforts followed the takeoff of the Indian software sector.
“Positive government efforts followed the takeoff of the sector.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Findingnone given§ Government Knowledge RequirementsNo study has attempted to assess whether governments have mastered these 15 areas that have to be addressed.
“No study has attempted to assess whether governments have mastered these 15 areas (or others that can be derived from the discussion here) that have to be addressed.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Findingnone given§ New Industrial PolicyRecent discussion of 'new' industrial policy including fostering learning and obtaining benefits from agglomeration economies offered by industrial clusters has received little systematic empirical evaluation.
“Recent discussion of”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingcitation§ Large numbers of English-trained programming graduates.The software sector earned $2.5 billion from Y2K billing from 1996 to 1999.
“The National Association of Software and Service Companies, the software trade association, reported that the software sector earned $2.5 billion from Y2K billing from 1996 to 1999, a critical period in the growth of the industry (Software & Information Industry Association 2001).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Software & Information Industry Association 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingreasoning§ Export Processing Zones and Other ClustersWhile publicly financed education institutions generated the fundamental resource, educated workers, there was no explicit effort to galvanize the agglomeration economies that developed.
“While publicly financed education institutions generated the fundamental resource, educated workers, there was no explicit effort to galvanize the agglomeration economies that developed.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Findingnone given§ Export Processing Zones and Other ClustersThe zones did not discriminate among sectors.
“The zones did not discriminate among sectors.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Findingnone given§ Export Processing Zones and Other ClustersThere have been more than a thousand export-processing zone efforts.
“But there have been more than a thousand such efforts.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingnone given§ Large numbers of English-trained programming graduates.As late as 1988 software exports had been less than $200 million. By 1998 they were $3.6 billion, accounting for more than 10 percent of total Indian exports.
“As late as 1988 software exports had been less than $200 million.By 1998 they were $3.6 billion, accounting for more than 10 percent of total Indian exports.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Findingnone given§ Large numbers of English-trained programming graduates.As late as 1995, after substantial wage increases because of a rising demand for Indian software services, the annual wages of Indian software professionals were only 14-59 percent those of their counterparts in Canada, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
“As late as 1995, after substantial wage increases because of a rising demand for Indian software services, the annual wages of Indian software professionals were only 14-59 percent those of their counterparts in Canada, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Findingnone given§ Is Industrial Policy Still Relevant?Taiwan, China's experience in the Hsinchu Science Park may be an exception, but it is so far unconfirmed by systematic evidence.
“Taiwan, China's experience in the Hsinchu Science Park may be an exception, but it is so far unconfirmed by systematic evidence.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationreasoning§ The Infant Industry Argument: A Precursor of Modern Industrial PolicyAny selective economic policies would have to simultaneously address the weakness of the financial sector along with that of goods and other services.
“On the contrary, it also implies that any selective economic policies would have to simultaneously address the weakness of the financial sector along with that of goods and other services.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationreasoning§ The Infant Industry Argument: A Precursor of Modern Industrial PolicyThe belief that if there were opportunities investors would exploit them might be somewhat of a weak link in Baldwin's argument.
“Thus, the belief that if there were opportunities investors would exploit them might be somewhat of a weak link in Baldwin's argument.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationcitation§ Knowledge Spillovers, Dynamic Scale Economies, and Industrial TargetingWhat may appear to be a successful industrial policy may not be the first-best outcome from a country's perspective.
“Klimenko's rigorous analysis underscores the intuitive argument that the relevant counterfactuals are unavailable, and what may appear to be a successful industrial policy may not be the first-best outcome from a country's perspective.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Infant Industry Argument: A Precursor of Modern Industrial PolicyA policy of rewarding early entrants requires an accurate forecast of the social value of their inventions and discoveries, a process that can be fraught with failure.
“Thus, a policy of rewarding early entrants requires an accurate forecast of the social value of their inventions and discoveries-a process that can be fraught with failure.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone given§ Knowledge Spillovers, Dynamic Scale Economies, and Industrial TargetingDARPA foresaw a potential need that private firms might not have.
“Moreover, DARPA foresaw a potential need that private firms might not have.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Infant Industry Argument: A Precursor of Modern Industrial PolicyOptimal subsidies would have to be nonuniform, and the government is unlikely to possess the information needed to implement an optimal subsidy program.
“Optimal subsidies would have to be nonuniform, and the government is unlikely to possess the information needed to implement an optimal subsidy program.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Premisenone given§ Knowledge Spillovers, Dynamic Scale Economies, and Industrial TargetingDARPA is widely credited with having been the key contributor to the development of the Internet.
“The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), a small unit within the U.S. Department of Defense that generated and financed a portfolio of projects, is widely credited with having been the key contributor to the development of the Internet, in response to the need to maintain communications during an assault on the United States.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Interpretationreasoning§ The Infant Industry Argument: A Precursor of Modern Industrial PolicyWhat is needed are subsidies to initial entrants into the industry that help create new knowledge and discover better production technologies.
“What is needed are subsidies to initial entrants into the industry that help create new knowledge and discover better production technologies.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationnone given§ Knowledge Spillovers, Dynamic Scale Economies, and Industrial TargetingThe informational constraints facing policymakers pursuing industrial policy are severe and any realistic model of industrial targeting needs to account for them.
“The informational constraints facing policymakers pursuing industrial policy are severe and any realistic model of industrial targeting needs to account for them.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisenone given§ Howard Pack • Kamal SaggiMarket failures exist that can, in principle, justify the use of industrial policy.
“Overall, there appears to be little empirical support for an activist government policy even though market failures exist that can, in principle, justify the use of industrial policy.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationnone given§ The Infant Industry Argument: A Precursor of Modern Industrial PolicyProspects for most new industries are uncertain and no one really knows whether a particular infant industry will be profitable in the future.
“While the infant industry argument assumes that it is known with certainty that the industry in question will eventually be profitable, it seems more likely that the prospects for most new industries are uncertain and that no one really knows whether a particular infant industry will be profitable in the future.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisereasoning§ Why Industrial Policy?There is room for government intervention when there are market distortions or when markets are incomplete.
“At a general level there is room for government intervention when there are market distortions (such as externalities or market power) or when markets are incomplete (for example, future markets for many goods simply do not exist).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ Knowledge Spillovers, Dynamic Scale Economies, and Industrial TargetingDespite the existence of market failures, the outcome of the learning process through private experimentation without any assistance from the government can yield outcomes that are closer to the full information social optimum.
“He goes on to show that despite the existence of market failures, the outcome of the learning process through private experimentation (without any assistance from the government) can yield outcomes that are closer to the full information social optimum.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Klimenko (2004) source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationnone given§ The Infant Industry Argument: A Precursor of Modern Industrial PolicyIf future returns fall short of initial losses, the industry should not be established in the first place.
“It is obvious, but worth stressing, that if future returns fall short of initial losses, the industry should not be established in the first place.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ Knowledge Spillovers, Dynamic Scale Economies, and Industrial TargetingAn optimally designed industrial policy can lead a country to specialize in sectors in which it does not have comparative advantage.
“He shows that an optimally designed industrial policy can lead a country to specialize in sectors in which it does not have comparative advantage.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Klimenko (2004) source
May combine two claims.
Interpretationcitation§ Knowledge Spillovers, Dynamic Scale Economies, and Industrial TargetingAllocating resources according to comparative advantage can only ensure static efficiency and in no way guarantees dynamic efficiency.
“Allocating resources according to comparative advantage can only ensure static efficiency and in no way guarantees dynamic efficiency.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone given§ Knowledge Spillovers, Dynamic Scale Economies, and Industrial TargetingThe discovery of general purpose technologies is a rare event and less likely in low innovation-intensity developing countries than in research-rich industrial countries.
“While the Internet was a main technological breakthrough and suggests the potential gains from such activity, it is useful to remember that the discovery of such general purpose technologies is a rare event and less likely in low innovation-intensity developing countries than in research-rich industrial countries.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ The Infant Industry Argument: A Precursor of Modern Industrial PolicyLearning is rarely exogenous and usually requires considerable effort and investment by firms.
“Of course, learning is rarely exogenous, and it usually requires considerable effort and investment by firms (Pack and Westphal 1986).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Pack and Westphal 1986 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone given§ The Indian Software IndustryIn India a precondition for the development of the software industry was high-quality education in junior colleges and universities financed by the government.
“In India a precondition for the development of the software industry was high-quality education in junior colleges and universities financed by the government.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone given§ Does Industrial Policy Work?The Asian financial crises of the late 1990s and Japan's stagnation since 1990 can be interpreted as partly the result of earlier government directed lending that minimized the need for banks to learn modern techniques of evaluating individual projects and managing the riskiness of their overall portfolio.
“For example, the Asian financial crises of the late 1990s and Japan's stagnation since 1990 can be interpreted as partly the result of earlier government directed lending that minimized the need for banks to learn modern techniques of evaluating individual projects and managing the riskiness of their overall portfolio.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Premisereasoning§ Export Processing Zones and Other ClustersIndividual market agents may not be aware of the externality they generate for others, and this provides an additional market failure that could in principle be addressed by public intervention.
“Individual market agents may not be aware of the externality they generate for others, and this provides an additional market failure that could in principle be addressed by public intervention.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationcitation§ Informational ExternalitiesBecause Hoff's model is clearly more realistic, her results weaken the case for subsidizing an infant industry.
“Because Hoff's model is clearly more realistic, it is notable that her results weaken the case for subsidizing an infant industry.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hoff (1997) source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationreasoning§ The Indian Software IndustryThe lamented brain drain became, with a lag, a source of strength and a critical catalytic input to development of the Indian software industry.
“The lamented brain drain became, with a lag, a source of strength and a critical catalytic input to development of the Indian software industry.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationcitation§ Coordination Failures as a Rationale for Industrial PolicyIn small developing countries a large-scale investment by a multinational can create sufficient demand for intermediates and easily resolve the coordination problem.
“In small developing countries a large-scale investment by a multinational can create sufficient demand for intermediates and easily resolve the coordination problem.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationnone given§ The International Dimension: Role of Exports and FDIThe efficacy of investment incentives is unclear-such policies could easily end up transferring rents to foreign investors without affecting their investment decisions.
“The efficacy of investment incentives is also unclear-such policies could easily end up transferring rents to foreign investors without affecting their investment decisions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationcitation§ The International Dimension: Role of Exports and FDIIncentives to attract FDI may be justified on the grounds of positive externalities from inward FDI, but the magnitude of some of the incentives being used seems difficult to justify.
“Incentives to attract FDI may be justified on the grounds of such externalities from inward FDI, but the magnitude of some of the incentives being used seems difficult to justify (Moran 1998), and such policies are not typically what proponents of industrial policy have in mind.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Moran 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone given§ The International Dimension: Role of Exports and FDIThe potential surely exists for positive externalities from FDI, and evidence exists that this potential is often realized.
“The potential surely exists for positive externalities from FDI, and evidence exists that this potential is often realized.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationreasoning§ Export Processing Zones and Other ClustersClusters could offer an alternative to dependence on either buyer- or manufacturer-led networks.
“Clusters could offer an alternative to dependence on either buyer-or manufacturer-led networks.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ Export Processing Zones and Other ClustersThe decision by Taiwan, China, to foster a science park comes closer to a proactive industrial policy, but the experience at Hsinchu has not been systematically evaluated.
“The decision by Taiwan, China, to foster a science park comes closer to a proactive industrial policy, but the experience at Hsinchu has not been systematically evaluated.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Does Industrial Policy Work?Pack (2000) finds that sectors encouraged in Japan and Korea had few linkages with nonfavored sectors through input-output relations, and there is little evidence of labor flowing from favored to neglected sectors.
“However, Pack (2000) finds that sectors that were encouraged in Japan and the Republic of Korea had few linkages with nonfavored sectors through input-output relations, and there is little evidence of labor flowing from favored to neglected sectors, a likely mechanism for the transmission of knowledge.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Pack (2000) source
May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone given§ Export Processing Zones and Other ClustersIn the Indian software sector and the Bangladesh garment sector, the initiating force was private, with the government playing almost no role except for the fundamental one in India of providing good education.
“In the Indian software sector and the Bangladesh garment sector, the initiating force was private, with the government playing almost no role except for the fundamental one in India of providing good education.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone given§ Export Processing Zones and Other ClustersThe rapid development of the software industry in Bangalore and other cities in India appears to be the outcome of the combination of a large group of well-educated English-speaking students, the entrepreneurial abilities of a small group of residents, and the activities of a large Indian expatriate community, particularly in Silicon Valley.
“Similarly, the rapid development of the software industry in Bangalore and other cities in India, discussed below, appears to be the outcome of the combination of a large group of well-educated English-speaking students, the entrepreneurial abilities of a small group of residents, and the activities of a large Indian expatriate community, particularly in Silicon Valley.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Export Processing Zones and Other ClustersThe establishment of a science park in Taiwan, China, and legislation in China to allow special economic zones to attract FDI resulted from an initial government stimulus.
“The establishment of a science park in Taiwan, China, and legislation in China to allow special economic zones to attract FDI resulted from an initial government stimulus.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Saxenian 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Rosen 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Huang 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ The International Dimension: Role of Exports and FDIThe information asymmetry can lead to market failure that can then potentially justify some form of intervention.
“The information asymmetry can lead to market failure that can then potentially justify some form of intervention.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationcitation§ Does Industrial Policy Work?Japan's growth would have been even faster if it had cut tariffs and exposed a greater share of its domestic producers to foreign competition.
“From this they conclude that Japan's growth would have been even faster if it had cut tariffs and exposed a greater share of its domestic producers to foreign competition.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lawrence and Weinstein (2001)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Does Industrial Policy Work?Lawrence and Weinstein (2001) find that differential corporate tax rates had an impact on sectoral TFP growth in Japan, whereas direct subsidies and subsidized loans did not.
“Employing a slightly different data set, Lawrence and Weinstein (2001) extend this research and find that differential corporate tax rates had an impact on sectoral total factor productivity growth, whereas direct subsidies and subsidized loans did not.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lawrence and Weinstein (2001)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Interpretationnone given§ Government Knowledge RequirementsThe range and depth of knowledge that policymakers would have to master to implement successful industrial policy is extraordinary.
“The range and depth of knowledge that policymakers would have to master to implement successful policy is extraordinary.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ Informational ExternalitiesThis result reflects the general equilibrium nature of their model and the fact that they consider a small open economy.
“This result reflects the general equilibrium nature of their model and the fact that they consider a small open economy.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisenone given§ Large numbers of English-trained programming graduates.In the 1990s the ratio of world prices for programming services relative to those in India rose because of a global shortage of programmers and the demands for solutions to the anticipated Y2K problem.
“In the 1990s the ratio of world prices for programming services relative to those in India rose because of a global shortage of programmers and the demands for solutions to the anticipated Y2K problem.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Premisenone given§ Export Processing Zones and Other ClustersSilicon Valley in California arose spontaneously.
“The main example usually cited is that of Silicon Valley in California, which most accounts suggest arose spontaneously.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Does Industrial Policy Work?Lawrence and Weinstein (2001) find that the effective rate of protection was negatively associated with sectoral TFP growth and that imports, not exports, were positively associated with TFP growth in Japan.
“Moreover, they find the paradoxical result that the effective rate of protection was negatively associated with sectoral total factor productivity growth and that imports, not exports, were positively associated with total factor productivity growth.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lawrence and Weinstein (2001)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone given§ Export Processing Zones and Other ClustersIn China, the special economic zones mimicked the effects of a free trade policy, neutralizing adverse public policies.
“In China, the special economic zones mimicked the effects of a free trade policy, neutralizing adverse public policies.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisenone given§ Export Processing Zones and Other ClustersThe benefit of clusters may arise from face-to-face interactions that are productivity enhancing, a pool of workers with relevant skills, or reduced transportation costs.
“The benefit of clusters may arise from face-to-face interactions that are productivity enhancing (interactions between software writers and chip manufacturers, for example), a pool of workers with the relevant skills, or reduced transportation costs.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Premisenone given§ Export Processing Zones and Other ClustersThe development of clusters could boost productivity through the provision of overhead services by the organizers plus the interaction of the firms entering the cluster.
“In principle, the development of clusters could boost productivity through the provision of overhead services by the organizers plus the interaction of the firms entering the cluster.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone given§ Is Industrial Policy Still Relevant?While in principle poorer countries can find niches in which they have a comparative advantage, finding them is likely to require skills that are best nurtured by membership in a production network or direct interaction with large retailers.
“While in principle poorer countries can find niches in which they have a comparative advantage, finding them is likely to require skills that are best nurtured by membership in a production network or direct interaction with large retailers.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).
Interpretationreasoning§ Large numbers of English-trained programming graduates.It seems unlikely that any government could have foreseen and acted on these serendipitous demands.
“As for industrial policy, of whatever form, it seems unlikely that any government could have foreseen and acted on these serendipitous demands.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ The foreign role.In 1998, 774 (9 percent) of high-technology firms were led by Indian chief executive officers (CEOs).
“In 1998, 774 (9 percent) of the high-technology firms were led by Indian chief executive officers (CEOs) (James 2000).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites James 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Is Industrial Policy Still Relevant?In East Asia, components constitute at least a fifth of manufacturing exports and have typically grown 4-5 percent faster than overall trade in East Asia.
“In East Asia, in recent years, components”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Yusuf and others 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Indian software industry and the new industrial policy.The Indian software industry expanded on the basis of comparative advantage and never needed any protection.
“The industry expanded on the basis of comparative advantage and never needed any protection.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).
Interpretationreasoning§ Concluding RemarksIn these economies hewing to some of the main tenets of the Washington Consensus (while recognizing some of its weaknesses) might prove a better investment of limited government competence and legitimacy than the extraordinarily complex strategies required by either the new or the old industrial policy.
“But in these economies hewing to some of the main tenets of the Washington Consensus (while recognizing some of its weaknesses) might prove a better investment of limited government competence and legitimacy than the extraordinarily complex strategies required by either the new or the old industrial policy.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ The foreign role.Indian expatriates actively raised venture capital from U.S. investment firms and organized conferences in the United States to heighten awareness of the potential of India's software industry.
“they actively raised venture capital from U.S. investment firms and organized conferences in the United States to heighten awareness of the potential of India's software industry (Kripalani 2000).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kripalani 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Concluding RemarksThe international policy environment today imposes constraints on the use of national policies that were absent even 15 years ago, and the constraints are backed by the potent dispute settlement procedure of the WTO.
“Certainly, the international policy environment today imposes constraints on the use of national policies that were absent even 15 years ago, and the constraints are backed by the potent dispute settlement procedure of the WTO (Noland and Pack 2003, chapter 5).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Noland and Pack 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ Concluding RemarksThe growth of the Indian software sector, Bangladesh's clothing industry, and China's special economic zones was driven primarily by private-sector agents (often from abroad).
“The growth of the Indian software sector, Bangladesh's clothing industry, and China's special economic zones was driven primarily by private-sector agents (often from abroad).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Is Industrial Policy Still Relevant?Promoting specific activities within the entire production nexus is beyond the capacity of all but the most competent of governments.
“this is beyond the capacity of all but the most competent of governments (Humphrey and Schmitz 2002).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Humphrey and Schmitz 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone given§ Is Industrial Policy Still Relevant?One effect of the growing importance of international product networks is their efficiency at organizing production and continuously reducing costs so that the global price that nonmember firms must compete with shifts down rapidly.
“One effect of the growing importance of international product networks is their efficiency at organizing production and continuously reducing costs so that the global price that nonmember firms must compete with shifts down rapidly.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Indian software industry and the new industrial policy.Governments at various levels became involved in the Indian software industry only after the success of the sector was evident, ratifying the success rather than catalyzing it.
“Governments at various levels became involved only after the success of the sector was evident, ratifying the success rather than catalyzing it.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ Large numbers of English-trained programming graduates.Random events-the Y2K problem and the shift to the euro-exerted positive feedback and generated a succession of mutually reinforcing benefits.
“Thus random events-the Y2K problem and the shift to the euro-exerted positive feedback and generated a succession of mutually reinforcing benefits.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Premisenone given§ Concluding RemarksThe difficulty with the approach of negotiating with multinational firms is the limited amount of FDI going to developing countries-many countries in Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America continue to receive little.
“The difficulty with this approach is the limited amount of FDI going to developing countries-many countries in Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America continue to receive little.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone given§ Is Industrial Policy Still Relevant?Both China and India still have hundreds of millions of workers, largely in the rural sector, who remain poor and will keep a lid on real wages faced by industrialists over the next decades, implying a continuing supply of low-cost products in many sectors.
“both still have hundreds of millions of workers, largely in the rural sector, who remain poor and will keep a lid on real wages faced by industrialists over the next decades, implying a continuing supply of low-cost products in many sectors.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Is Industrial Policy Still Relevant?These networks have become increasingly important and are dominant in clothing and electronics and are growing in importance in products such as automotive components.
“These networks have become increasingly important and are dominant in clothing and electronics and are growing in importance in products such as automotive components.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Yusuf and others 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone given§ Concluding RemarksIn Bangladesh and India the main role of the government was benign neglect, whereas China imitated the earlier success of Singapore by enabling the location of foreign investment in enclaves that were well provided with infrastructure.
“In Bangladesh and India the main role of the government was benign neglect, whereas China imitated the earlier success of Singapore by enabling the location of foreign investment in enclaves that were well provided with infrastructure.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationreasoning§ Is Industrial Policy Still Relevant?China and India present formidable competitors, as demonstrated by concern over the termination of the Multifiber Arrangement and the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing and the potential losses incurred by countries that formerly had guaranteed access to OECD markets.
“Moreover, China and India present formidable competitors, as demonstrated by the concern over the termination of the Multifiber Arrangement and the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing and the potential losses incurred by countries that formerly had guaranteed access to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development markets.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
The performance of equity analysts in industrial country stock markets is a valid benchmark for the ability of government officials to evaluate industrial policy.
“It is possible that government officials might be this omniscient, but the performance of the portfolio managers in industrial country stock markets suggests that few of the well-trained (and remunerated) equity analysts can evaluate even much more certain and grosser characteristics of existing firms and industries with long track records.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
There are capital market failures that preclude a nascent trading firm from obtaining finance.
“Again, this assumes that there are capital market failures that preclude a nascent trading firm from obtaining finance.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Texas Instruments augmented Bangalore's inadequate land-based telecommunication infrastructure by investing in its own satellite communications network.
“Texas Instruments, the first foreign firm to establish an offshore software facility in Bangalore in 1984, augmented Bangalore's inadequate land-based telecommunication infrastructure by investing in its own satellite communications network.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Some of Texas Instruments' satellite lines were later leased to other software firms, enabling them to expand their India-based operations instead of relying solely on onsite services abroad.
“Some of its lines were later leased to other software firms, enabling them to expand their India-based operations instead of relying solely on onsite services abroad.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Until the government built software technology parks in the 1990s, Texas Instrument's satellite network remained an important driving force behind the offshore development of software exports.
“Until the government built software technology parks in the 1990s linked to earth stations and other telecommunications infrastructure, Texas Instrument's satellite network remained an important driving force behind the offshore development of software exports.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Republic of Korea and Taiwan, China, had numerous trading companies that aggregated the orders of local manufacturers, following the Japanese model of the shosha soga.
“The Republic of Korea and Taiwan, China, had numerous trading companies that aggregated the orders of local manufacturers, following the Japanese model of the shosha soga.”
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“Importantly, these ambiguities suggest that industrial policies under the EE rubric may mean “different things to different people” (Pack and Saggi, 2006, p. 267) potentially creating opportunities for “misconceived policy interventions” (Brown and Mason, 2017, p. 26).”
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“Their design is indeed particularly dependent on the market failure that needs to be corrected (Pack and Saggi, 2006).”
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“While some proponents advocate the role of integrating foreign firms into the production network to leverage their strengths and resources (Coe, Dicken, and Hess, 2008; Pack and Saggi, 2006; Thun, 2004), others clearly argue for the collaboration with proximate firms to create local competitiveness (Amsden, 2003; Hirs…”
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Moore, M., & Schmitz, H. (2008) · OpenDocs (Institute of Development Studies) · Cited by 77 · see citing works
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“The literature on industrial policy shows that this selection process, often referred to as “picking winners,” has more often been a failure than it has been a success (Dierickx, Matutes, & Neven, 1991; Eickelpasch & Fritsch, 2005; Niman, 1995; Pack & Saggi, 2006).”
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“Almost all developing countries have tried to replicate the earlier models of the state-led structural change strategy, especially after World War II (Chenery 1961; Krueger and Tuncer 1982; Lal 1994; Pack and Saggi 2006).”
BackgroundFraccascia, L. (2020) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.106587 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“…at the macroeconomic level highlights that a given policy measure might not be equally effective in different geographical areas or, even in the same area, might not be equally effective for all industries (e.g., Eickelpasch and Fritsch, 2005; Huberty and Zachmann, 2011; Pack and Saggi, 2006).”
BackgroundIndustrial policy and governmental venture capital: Evidence from China
Ge, G., Xue, J., & Zhang, Q. (2023) · Journal of Corporate Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2023.102532 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Chaudhuri, S., MACKINTOSH, M. M., & Mujinja, P. G. M. (2010) · European Journal of Development Research · doi:10.1057/ejdr.2010.27 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Overcoming Successive Bottlenecks: The Evolution of a Potato Cluster in China
Zhang, X., & Hu, D. (2013) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.10.003 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“And, in the past, well-intentioned industrial policies, such as import substitution industrialization, have led to price distortions, resulting in inefficient resource allocation across sectors and stagnant economic growth (Baldwin 1969; Pack and Saagi 2006).”
BackgroundEnterprise policy evaluation: Is there a ‘new’ way of doing it?
Lenihan, H. (2011) · Evaluation and Program Planning · doi:10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2011.03.006 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“According to Stiglitz (2000) there are four key reasons for government’s failing to reach its stated objectives: (1) limited information (see also Pack & Saggi, 2006); (2) limitations imposed by the political process; (3) limited control over private market responses; and (4) issues of governance…”
BackgroundEuropean industrial policy for the green and digital revolution
Terzi, A., Sherwood, M., & Singh, A. (2023) · Science and Public Policy · doi:10.1093/scipol/scad018 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Lebdioui, A. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009339414 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
A Cluster-Based Industrial Development Policy for Low-Income Countries
Otsuka, K., & Sonobe, T. (2011) · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-5703 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“6 government failure associated with the choice of industries, as is argued by Pack and Saggi (2006), and the ways in which support is provided.”
BackgroundKlueh, U. H., Pastor, G., & Segura, A. (2009) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2008.07.042 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Industrial policy and development in Ethiopia: Evolution and present experimentationPreprint
Gebreeyesus, M. (2013) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Government policy failure in public support for research and development
Haapanen, M., Lenihan, H., & Mariani, M. (2014) · Policy Studies · doi:10.1080/01442872.2014.971728 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Financial Crisis, “New” Industrial Policy, and the Bite of Multilateral Trade Rules
Aggarwal, V. K., & Evenett, S. J. (2010) · Asian Economic Policy Review · doi:10.1111/j.1748-3131.2010.01166.x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Industrial policy, green challenges, and international business
Benito, G. R. G., & Meyer, K. E. (2024) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/s41267-024-00722-6 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“…is commonly defined as “any type of selective intervention or government policy that attempts to alter the structure of production toward sectors that are expected to offer better prospects for economic growth than would occur in the absence of such intervention” (Pack & Saggi, 2006: 267–268).”
Manufacturing Revolutions: Industrial Policy and Industrialization in South KoreaPreprint
Lane, N. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3890311 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Fahad, S., Bai, D., Liu, L., et al. (2022) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-021-17450-1 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Government support and innovation for new energy firms in China
Du, W., & Li, M. (2018) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036846.2018.1558356 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Industrial Policy and the World Trade Organization
Shadikhodjaev, S. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316535172 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Investment subsidies and the adoption of electronic medical records in hospitals
Dranove, D., Garthwaite, C., Li, B., & Ody, C. J. (2015) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2015.10.001 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“For example, reviews of national “industrial policies,” in which nations subsidize capital investments in specific sectors, find no connection between sector subsidies and sector capital accumulation (Pack and Saggi, 2006).”
BackgroundAgainst the Consensus: Reflections on the Great Recession
Lin, J. Y. (2013) · Thammasat University Digital Collections · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The elusive and expensive green job
Furchtgott-Roth, D. (2012) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2012.08.034 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“For example, Japanese subsidies to R & D in agriculture, forestry, and fisheries in the period from 1955 to 1980 showed little increase in the rates of technological development in those areas (Pack and Saggi, 2006).”
BackgroundZhao, Q., Li, Z., Zhao, Z., & Ma, J. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11102785 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Pack and Saggi [4] argue that, based on the limitations of human cognition and the distortion of the incentive mechanism, the problem of government failure is much more serious in reality, although there is certain rationality in industrial policies, which leads to the ineffectiveness of industrial policies.”
BackgroundGrowth and the Quality of Foreign Direct Investment
Alfaro, L., & Charlton, A. (2013) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137335173_12 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Sarra, A., Berardino, C. D., & Quaglione, D. (2018) · Economia Politica · doi:10.1007/s40888-018-0112-8 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“With these developments in mind, a rapidly growing strand of literature suggested the adoption, at the European Union level, of “structural policies” (Cimoli et al. 2015; Crafts 2010; Landesmann 2015; Pack and Saggi 2006)—industrial policies aimed at actively influencing the sectoral, technological, and geographical s…”
BackgroundIndustrial Policy, Information, and Government Capacity
Maloney, W. F., & Nayyar, G. (2017) · The World Bank Research Observer · doi:10.1093/wbro/lkx006 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
OFDI promotion policies in emerging economies: the Brazilian and Chinese strategies
Caseiro, L. C. Z., & Masiero, G. (2014) · Critical Perspectives on International Business · doi:10.1108/cpoib-03-2014-0023 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Securing the Home Market: A New Approach to Korean Development
Amsden, A. H. (2014) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137339485_4 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“In the 2000s, despite highly positive outcomes of industrial policies in the BRICKs, Singapore and Taiwan, internationalists ceaselessly criticize government economic intervention and attribute positive economic outcomes to non-intervention (Pack and Saggi 2006).”
BackgroundWei, J., Sun, C., Wáng, Q., et al. (2020) · R and D Management · doi:10.1111/radm.12399 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
New structural economics: the third wave of development thinking
Lin, J. Y. (2013) · Asian-Pacific Economic Literature · doi:10.1111/apel.12044 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Gomes, A. D. P., Pauls, R., & ten Brink, T. (2022) · Cambridge Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/cje/beac056 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The cost-quantity relations and the diverse patterns of “learning by doing”: Evidence from India
Giovanni Dosi, A., Grazzi, M., & Mathew, N. (2017) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2017.09.005 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“…supporting infant industries based on the idea that production, even if not profitable at present, could greatly improve over time (see within an enormous literature, e.g. Bardhan, 1971; Succar, 1987; Bairoch, 1995; Rodrik and Yoon, 1995; Pack and Saggi, 2006; all the way to Cimoli et al., 2009).”
BackgroundThe effectiveness of domestic content criteria in India's Solar Mission
Sahoo, A., & Shrimali, G. (2013) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.06.090 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“As an example Pack and Saggi (2006) recommend subsidies for marginal R&D and cluster creation as tools to improve productivity across an industry.”
BackgroundInfluentialCapitalism and Management Research: The Worst of Times, The Best of Times
Lazzarini, S. G. (2020) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2020.0263 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Holz, C. A. (2010) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.10.007 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
An Input–Output Analysis of the Philippine BPO Industry
Magtibay‐Ramos, N., Estrada, G., & Felipe, J. (2008) · Asian-Pacific Economic Literature · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8411.2008.00211.x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Another view is that the private sector has provided the initiating force in the growth of the Indian BPO sector, with the government playing almost no role (Pack and Saggi 2006).”
BackgroundThe constraints and institutional challenges facing industrial policy in South Africa: a way forward
Kaplan, D. E. (2007) · Transformation · doi:10.1353/trn.2008.0000 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“If industrial policy is defined in terms as favouring or targeting certain economic sectors or activities, as Chang (1996)10 or Pack and Saggi (2006) 11 do, then it is important that clear criteria are consistently applied to the identification and selection of the economic sectors or activities to…”
BackgroundKwon, H.-K. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198866060.001.0001 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Tommaso, M. R. D., Tassinari, M., Bonnini, S., & Marozzi, M. (2017) · International Review of Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/02692171.2017.1303036 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“…mind, industrial policy interventions that may decide to select some sectors and invest in them have to be evaluated (ex-ante and ex-post) according to their real impact on American soil (Reich 1992; Dunning 1994; Pack and Saggi 2006) and with respect to their effects on American-owned companies.”
BackgroundIndustrial Policy and Islamic Finance
Lai, J. (2014) · New Political Economy · doi:10.1080/13563467.2014.914159 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“For a contrarian view, see Pack and Saggi (2006).”
Background
- Authors
- Pack, H.
- Affiliations
- Southern Methodist University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pack, H.
- Venue
- The World Bank Research Observer
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2006-08-05
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 267-297
- ISSN
- 0257-3032 (ISSN-L)
- 1564-6971
- OpenAlex
- W2113964908
- Cited by
- 589
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 150.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The World Bank Research Observer (publishedVersion)
- The World Bank Open Knowledge Repository (World Bank) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Asian Industrial and Economic Development
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › General Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economic Theory and Policy
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › General Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Global trade and economics
- Keywords
- industrial policy, market failure, industrialization, state intervention, international production networks, developing countries, industrial policy effectiveness
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