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Beyond IκBs: alternative regulation of NF‐KB activity
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) is a crucial regulator of many physiological and patho-physiological processes, including control of the adaptive and innate immune responses, inflammation, proliferation, tumorigenesis, and apoptosis. Thus, the tight regulation of NF-kappaB activity within a cell is extremely important. The central mechanism of NF-kappaB regulation is the signal-induced proteolytic degradation of a family of cytoplasmic inhibitors of NF-kappaB, the IkappaBs. However, with the discovery of an IkappaB-independent noncanonical or "alternative" pathway of NF-kappaB activation, the importance of other regulatory mechanisms responsible for the fine-tuning of NF-kappaB became clear. Post-translational modification, especially phosphorylation, of the Rel proteins, of which dimeric NF-kappaB is composed, are such alternative regulatory mechanisms. The best analyzed example is RelA phosphorylation, which takes place at specific amino acids resulting in distinct functional changes of this gene regulatory protein. The interaction of NF-kappaB with other proteins such as glucocorticoid receptors is very important for the regulation of NF-kappaB activity. Recently, exciting new concepts of IkappaB-independent NF-kappaB control like dimer exchange and nucleolar sequestration of RelA have been described, indicating that many aspects of NF-kappaB control are waiting to be discovered.
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“Although NF-κB nuclear translocation is the best-known mechanism for its activation [12], several lines of evidence indicate that posttranslational modifications in p65 subunit, such as phosphorylation and acetylation, impact its activity by altering DNA binding, interaction with inhibitor of κB α (IκBα) in the nucleus, and association with chromatin structure modifiers such as histone acetyltrans”
From Edible blue-green algae reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by inhibiting NF-κB pathway in macrophages and splenocytes (2013) · cites this paper as [33]
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Modulation of NF‐κB‐dependent transcription and cell survival by the SIRT1 deacetylase
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De-ubiquitination and ubiquitin ligase domains of A20 downregulate NF-κB signalling
Wertz, I. E., O’Rourke, K. M., Zhou, H., Eby, M. T., Aravind, L., Seshagiri, S., Wu, P., Wiesmann, C., Baker, R. T., Boone, D. L., et al. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02794 · Cited by 1,889
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Hoeflich, K. P., Luo, J., Rubie, E. A., Tsao, M., Jin, O., & Woodgett, J. R. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35017574 · Cited by 1,401
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Gringhuis, S. I., den Dunnen, J., Litjens, M., van der Vlist, M., Wevers, B. A., Bruijns, S. C. M., & Geijtenbeek, T. B. H. (2009) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.1692 · Cited by 507
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Metadata
- Authors
- Neumann, M., & Naumann, M.
- Affiliations
- Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg (DE)
- ORCID
- Naumann, Michael
- Venue
- The FASEB Journal
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-04-12
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2642-2654
- ISSN
- 0892-6638 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-6860
- OpenAlex
- W1792654735
- Cited by
- 267
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 2.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The FASEB Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (NE608/3–2, NA292/7–3)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › NF-κB Signaling Pathways
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Signaling Pathways in Disease
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Keywords
- NF-κB, p65 phosphorylation, Rel proteins, post-translational modification, glucocorticoid receptor, nucleolar sequestration, transcription factor regulation, inflammation, immune response
- MeSH terms
- Animals, DNA-Binding Proteins, Humans, Phosphorylation, Ubiquitins, Signal Transduction, NF-kappa B, I-kappa B Proteins, Transcription Factor RelA
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