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Coding of modified body schema during tool use by macaque postcentral neurones
Abstract
A tool is an extension of the hand in both a physical and a perceptual sense. The presence of body schemata has been postulated as the basis of the perceptual assimilation of tool and hand. We trained macaque monkeys to retrieve distant objects using a rake, and neuronal activity was recorded in the caudal postcentral gyrus where the somatosensory and visual signals converge. There we found a large number of bimodal neurones which appeared to code the schema of the hand. During tool use, their visual receptive fields were altered to include the entire length of the rake or to cover the expanded accessible space. These findings may represent neural correlates of the modified schema of the hand in which the tool was incorporated.
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“These additional regions encode diverse information related to one’s own body or the body of others, as well as their spatial position (such as PoCG, SII, LOC, or cerebellar lobule VI) (lriki et al. 1996; Disbrow et al. 2000; Grodd et al. 2001; Eickhoff et al. 2010; Bernasconi et al. 2018; Sonobe et al. 2023), visual and auditory space representation and movement detection (such as PT, STS, POS,”
From Neuroanatomical correlates of peripersonal space: bridging the gap between perception, action, emotion and social cognition (2024) · cites this paper as lriki et al. 1996
In the citing paper
“Tool use may cause changes in visuo-tactile integration (39–41) and in the receptive fields of visuo-tactile cells in the parietal cortex (42), so that it appears as if peripersonal space extends from the hand to the tool.”
From Threatening a rubber hand that you feel is yours elicits a cortical anxiety response. (2007) · cites this paper as [42]
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BackgroundDexterous Skills Transfer by Extending Human Body Schema to a Robotic Hand
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“For example, in a study run by Iriki et al (1996), monkeys learned to use a rake in order to retrieve distant food.”
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“Previous single-cell recording studies in monkeys (Avillac et al., 2007; Duhamel et al., 1998; Graziano et al., 2000; Grefkes and Fink, 2005; Iriki et al., 1996) and more recent neuroimaging studies in humans (Gentile et al., 2013, 2011; Sereno and Huang, 2006) highlighted the presence of…”
Behavioral and autonomic responses to real and digital reproductions of works of art
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“[35] trained a macaque monkey to retrieve distant objects using a rake and recorded neuronal activity in the caudal postcentral gyrus where somatosensory and visual signals converge.”
MethodLong- but not short-term tool-use changes hand representation
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BackgroundMethodInterpersonal Motor Interactions Shape Multisensory Representations of the Peripersonal Space
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“, feeling of ownership, proprioceptive drift, self-location drift) of the rubber body part in one’s own body representation (see Table 1); (2) that active tool use modulates the PPS by strengthening multisensory integration effects between visual [1,2] or auditory [3–5] stimuli delivered near the tool and tactile stim…”
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“This may be related to the well-established phenomenon by which primates expand their body schemas and sense of peripersonal space to incorporate tools (Iriki et al., 1996).”
BackgroundEffective tool use in a habile agent
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The macaque ventral intraparietal area has expanded into three homologue human parietal areas
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“This was first described by207 a seminal study by Iriki et al. (1996) who trained monkeys to use a rake to reach food208 placed too far to be reached without the tool.”
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“Such flexibility in planning would then broaden the spectrum of potentially available goals and actions (Gallivan et al., 2013; Haruno et al., 2001; Iriki et al., 1996; Maravita and Iriki, 2004) permitting a more efficient selection of both.”
BackgroundAudiohaptic Feedback Enhances Motor Performance in a Low-Fidelity Simulated Drilling Task
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“Research suggests that the primate brain constructs internal body-centered representations that can be modified following a period of tool-use, which extends the reachable space near the user (peripersonal space) [19,20].”
BackgroundInfluentialSchizophrenia and the bodily self
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“…the use of a tool in the far space leads to the expansion of PPS boundaries, reflecting the brain's ability to adapt and optimize sensory integration based on sensory and individual motor experiences (e.g., Canzoneri et al., 2013; Ferroni et al., 2020; Galigani et al., 2020; Iriki et al., 1996).”
An area specifically devoted to tool use in human left inferior parietal lobule
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“Iriki et al. (1996) trained macaque monkeys to obtain food pellets dispensed beyond the reach of their hands by using a rake to pull the food close to themselves.”
Bruno, V., Carpinella, I., Rabuffetti, M., Giuli, L. D., Sinigaglia, C., Garbarini, F., & Ferrarin, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00299 · Cited by 23
“For instance, it has been shown that tools have to be effectively used to reach far objects, since just holding them (Iriki et al., 1996; Farnè and Làdavas, 2000; Maravita et al., 2001; Serino et al., 2007) is not enough to alter space representation (Serino, 2019).”
MethodRapid communication: When far becomes near: Shared environments activate action simulation
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Visuomotor functions of the posterior parietal cortex
Jackson, S. R., & Masud Husain, B. (2006) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.08.002 · Cited by 19
Decomposing Tool-Action Observation: A Stereo-EEG Study
Caruana, F., Avanzini, P., Mai, R., Pelliccia, V., Russo, G. L., Rizzolatti, G., & Orban, G. A. (2017) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhx124 · Cited by 20
“An explanation may be found in the experiment by Iriki et al. (1996).”
BackgroundEmbodiment and Embodied Design
Abrahamson, D., & Lindgren, R. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108888295.019 · Cited by 20
Interdigitated Columnar Representation of Personal Space and Visual Space in Human Parietal Cortex
Tootell, R. B. H., Nasiriavanaki, Z., Babadi, B., Greve, D. N., Nasr, S., & Holt, D. J. (2022) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0516-22.2022 · Cited by 16
“For example, tool use may lead to temporary expansion of personal space boundaries (Iriki et al., 1996; Berti and Frassinetti, 2000; Maravita and Iriki, 2004; Cardinali et al., 2009; Iachini et al., 2014; Biggio et al., 2017; Quesque et al., 2017 ; but see Patané et al., 2016).”
Ullmer, B., Shaer, O., Mazalek, A., & Hummels, C. (2022) · ACM eBooks · doi:10.1145/3544564 · Cited by 19
Stancey, H., & Turner, M. (2009) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1348/000712609x463679 · Cited by 18
Collision judgment of objects approaching the head
Poljac, E., Neggers, B., & van den Berg, A. V. (2005) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-005-0257-x · Cited by 17
“Numerous studies have demonstrated that the body representation can change (Iriki et al. 1996; Berti and Frassinetti 2000; Maravita and Iriki 2004; Gentilucci et al. 2004).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialJacobs, S., Brozzoli, C., Hadj‐Bouziane, F., Meunier, M., & Farnè, A. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00089 · Cited by 19
“Additionally, this remapping occurs only after active and functional use of the tool in both species (Iriki et al., 1996; Maravita et al., 2002; Farnè et al., 2005b).”
BackgroundMethodLong-Lasting Amelioration of Walking Trajectory in Neglect after Prismatic Adaptation
Rabuffetti, M., Folegatti, A., Spinazzola, L., Ricci, R., Ferrarin, M., Berti, A., & Neppi-Mòdona, M. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00382 · Cited by 20
“Neurophysiological (Iriki et al., 1996) and neuropsychological studies (Berti and Frassinetti, 2000; Berti et al.”
BackgroundMethodCooke, D. F., Goldring, A. B., Baldwin, M. K. L., Recanzone, G. H., Chen, A., Pan, T., Simon, S. I., & Krubitzer, L. A. (2014) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00140.2014 · Cited by 19
“A prime example of the dynamic nature of cortical networks involved in hand use comes from studies in awake macaque monkeys trained to use handheld tools to retrieve food (Iriki et al. 1996).”
BackgroundOn the origin of body-related influences on visual perception.
Kirsch, W., Herbort, O., Ullrich, B., & Kunde, W. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/xhp0000358 · Cited by 19
“Reasoning this way does not speak against an often assumed incorporation of tools into the body schema (e.g., Iriki et al., 1996; Maravita & Iriki, 2004).”
Defensive peripersonal space is modified by a learnt protective posture
Biggio, M., Bisio, A., Ruggeri, P., & Bove, M. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-43258-8 · Cited by 19
Cuppini, C., Magosso, E., & Ursino, M. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00077 · Cited by 20
Metadata
- Authors
- lriki, A., Tanaka, M., & Iwamura, Y.
- Affiliations
- Toho University (JP)
- Venue
- NeuroReport
- Published
- 1996-10
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 2325-2330
- ISSN
- 0959-4965 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2119233587
- Cited by
- 1,274
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 53
- FWCI
- 3.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroreport (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Embodied and Extended Cognition
- Keywords
- body schema, tool use, bimodal neurons, somatosensory cortex, visual receptive fields, perceptual assimilation, macaque, neural coding
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Body Image, Macaca, Psychomotor Performance, Spatial Behavior, Visual Perception
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