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Coding of modified body schema during tool use by macaque postcentral neurones
Abstract
A tool is an extension of the hand in both a physical and a perceptual sense. The presence of body schemata has been postulated as the basis of the perceptual assimilation of tool and hand. We trained macaque monkeys to retrieve distant objects using a rake, and neuronal activity was recorded in the caudal postcentral gyrus where the somatosensory and visual signals converge. There we found a large number of bimodal neurones which appeared to code the schema of the hand. During tool use, their visual receptive fields were altered to include the entire length of the rake or to cover the expanded accessible space. These findings may represent neural correlates of the modified schema of the hand in which the tool was incorporated.
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“These additional regions encode diverse information related to one’s own body or the body of others, as well as their spatial position (such as PoCG, SII, LOC, or cerebellar lobule VI) (lriki et al. 1996; Disbrow et al. 2000; Grodd et al. 2001; Eickhoff et al. 2010; Bernasconi et al. 2018; Sonobe et al. 2023), visual and auditory space representation and movement detection (such as PT, STS, POS,”
From Neuroanatomical correlates of peripersonal space: bridging the gap between perception, action, emotion and social cognition (2024) · cites this paper as lriki et al. 1996
In the citing paper
“Tool use may cause changes in visuo-tactile integration (39–41) and in the receptive fields of visuo-tactile cells in the parietal cortex (42), so that it appears as if peripersonal space extends from the hand to the tool.”
From Threatening a rubber hand that you feel is yours elicits a cortical anxiety response. (2007) · cites this paper as [42]
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BackgroundSpence, C., Pavani, F., Maravita, A., & Holmes, N. (2004) · Journal of Physiology-Paris · doi:10.1016/j.jphysparis.2004.03.008 · Cited by 205
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BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialThe posterior parietal cortex remaps touch into external space
Azañón, E., Longo, M. R., Soto-Faraco, S., & Haggard, P. (2010) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2010.05.063 · Cited by 195
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“Iriki et al. (1996) discovered bimodal neurons in the postcentral gyrus of monkeys that are activated both in response to peripersonal somatosensory and visual handbased stimuli and in response to stimuli near the end of a rake when it was used as a tool to retrieve food, thus indicating that the…”
MethodFunctional and dynamic properties of visual peripersonal space
Làdavas, E. (2002) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01814-3 · Cited by 200
Revisiting the definition of animal tool use
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Fritz, J. B., Elhilali, M., & Shamma, S. (2005) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/j.heares.2005.01.015 · Cited by 201
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MethodOn the neuronal basis for multisensory convergence: a brief overview
Meredith, M. A. (2002) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(02)00059-9 · Cited by 197
Holmes, N. P., Calvert, G. A., & Spence, C. (2004) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2004.09.024 · Cited by 197
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“An early report indicated that when monkeys were trained to retrieve distant food using a rake, the receptive fields for bimodal (visual and somatosensory) neurons within the postcentral gyrus elongated to include the functional reach of the rake (Iriki et al., 1996).”
BackgroundFMRI adaptation reveals a cortical mechanism for the coding of space near the hand
Brozzoli, C., Gentile, G., Petkova, V. I., & Ehrsson, H. H. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1172-11.2011 · Cited by 182
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BackgroundTool-use: An open window into body representation and its plasticity
Martel, M., Cardinali, L., Roy, A. C., & Farnè, A. (2016) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643294.2016.1167678 · Cited by 190
“…a finding that has been replicated several times (Anelli, Candini, Cappelletti, Oliveri, & Frassinetti, 2015; Farnè, Bonifazi, et al., 2005; Iriki et al., 1996; Maravita, Clarke, Husain, & Driver, 2002; Maravita, Spence, Kennett, & Driver, 2002; Serino, Bassolino, Farnè, & Làdavas, 2007).”
BackgroundThe representation of space near the body through touch and vision
Macaluso, E., & Maravita, A. (2010) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.10.010 · Cited by 181
Gray and white matter changes associated with tool-use learning in macaque monkeys
Quallo, M. M., Price, C. J., Ueno, K., Asamizuya, T., Cheng, K., Lemon, R., & Iriki, A. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0909751106 · Cited by 185
“SII may also have a role in retrieval of food (32) and in establishing the body schema (33) into which the rake is readily incorporated by monkeys during training (34, 35), but its role in tool use learning clearly merits further investigation.”
BackgroundPrevosto, V., Graf, W. M., & Ugolini, G. (2009) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp091 · Cited by 175
“For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org discriminate active from passive movement (Klam and Graf 2003, 2006) and bimodal neurons with congruent visualsomatosensory receptive fields that are dynamically modified by tool use (Iriki et al. 1996).”
BackgroundInfluentialEveryday use of the computer mouse extends peripersonal space representation
Bassolino, M., Serino, A., Ubaldi, S., & Làdavas, E. (2010) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.11.009 · Cited by 175
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Peripersonal space as the space of the bodily self
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MethodIntrinsic content, active memory and the extended mind
Clark, A. (2005) · Analysis · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8284.2005.00514.x · Cited by 204
Vision influences tactile perception without proprioceptive orienting
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Frey, S. H. (2007) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70462-3 · Cited by 167
Robotic hand augmentation drives changes in neural body representation
Kieliba, P., Clode, D., Maimon-Mor, R. O., & Makin, T. R. (2021) · Science Robotics · doi:10.1126/scirobotics.abd7935 · Cited by 170
Fritz, J. B., Elhilali, M., David, S. V., & Shamma, S. (2007) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/j.heares.2007.01.009 · Cited by 168
“…to movement of the attentional focus in V4 (Connor et al., 1997) and MT (Womelsdorf et al., 2006), in the context of changing arm position in ventral premotor cortex (Graziano et al., 1994), and also in relation to tool use extending manual grasp (Iriki et al., 1996; Maravita and Iriki, 2004).”
Body-extension versus body-incorporation: Is there a need for a body-model?
PREESTER, H. D., & Manos Tsakiris, A. (2009) · Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11097-009-9121-y · Cited by 166
“As shown by the work of Iriki et al. (1996), macaque monkeys can be trained to use a rake to retrieve food from far space.”
BackgroundParallel Evolution of Cortical Areas Involved in Skilled Hand Use
Padberg, J., Franca, J. G., Cooke, D. F., Soares, J. G. M., Rosa, M. G. P., Fiorani, M., Gattass, R., & Krubitzer, L. A. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2632-07.2007 · Cited by 175
Activation of the human primary motor cortex during observation of tool use
Järveläinen, J., Schürmann, M., & Hari, R. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.06.010 · Cited by 174
Influence of disparity on fixation and saccades in free viewing of natural scenes
Jansen, L., Onat, S., & Peter König, B. (2009) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/9.1.29 · Cited by 167
“The size of receptive fields representing near space depended on reaching distance, as tool use can extend their size ( Iriki, Tanaka, & Iwamura, 1996 ).”
BackgroundLeft tactile extinction following visual stimulation of a rubber hand
Farnè, A., Pavani, F., Meneghello, F., & Làdavas, E. (2000) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/123.11.2350 · Cited by 165
“…indicate that the ventral premotor cortex, the parietal areas neurone (Rizzolatti et al., 1981; Duhamel et al., 1991; Graziano and Gross, 1995; Iriki et al., 1996). and the putamen form an interconnected system for the integrated (visual–tactile) coding of peripersonal space arm position…”
BackgroundNear space and its relation to claustrophobic fear
Lourenco, S. F., Longo, M. R., & Pathman, T. (2011) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2011.02.009 · Cited by 165
Neural substrate of body size: illusory feeling of shrinking of the waist.
Ehrsson, H. H., Kito, T., Sadato, N., Passingham, R. E., & Naito, E. (2005) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030412 · Cited by 164
“These areas receive somatic information from different body parts [7,28–32] and thus, theoretically, have the capacity to integrate this information to compute the relative size of different body parts.”
BackgroundGrab it! Biased attention in functional hand and tool space
Reed, C. L., Betz, R., Garza, J. P., & Roberts, R. J. (2009) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/app.72.1.236 · Cited by 165
Spatial remapping of touch: Confusion of perceived stimulus order across hand and foot
Heed, T., & Röder, B. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0601486103 · Cited by 156
Multisensory processes in body ownership
Ehrsson, H. H. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812492-5.00008-5 · Cited by 159
What's So Special about Human Tool Use?
Johnson-Frey, S. H. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00424-0 · Cited by 149
fMRI reveals a preference for near viewing in the human parieto-occipital cortex
Quinlan, D. J., & Culham, J. C. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.02.029 · Cited by 155
“Moreover, there are numerous regions within PPC that are specialized for guiding actions with a particular effector (see Andersen et al., 1997 for review), and each of these regions may be tuned to the optimal spatial range for that effector (see Iriki et al., 1996).”
BackgroundSensation at the tips of invisible tools
Yamamoto, S., & Kitazawa, S. (2001) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn721 · Cited by 148
Malafouris, L. (2008) · Cambridge Archaeological Journal · doi:10.1017/s0959774308000449 · Cited by 148
Neurological and robot-controlled induction of an apparition
Blanke, O., Pozeg, P., Hara, M., Heydrich, L., Serino, A., Yamamoto, A., Higuchi, T., Salomon, R., Seeck, M., Landis, T., et al. (2014) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.09.049 · Cited by 148
“…cortex [20], insula [24], and frontoparietal cortex [5, 25] have been associated with bodily self-consciousness and are areas that integrate sensorimotor or multisensory bodily signals, as shown in human [26] and nonhuman primates [27, 28], compatible with the sensorimotor deficits we observed.”
BackgroundLanguage within your reach: Near–far perceptual space and spatial demonstratives
Coventry, K. R., Valdés, B., Castillo, A., & Guijarro‐Fuentes, P. (2008) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2008.06.010 · Cited by 141
“2 Neuropsychological work indicates that an extension of near space to far space with tool use occurs when the tool is used to functionally interact/ make contact with an object (e.g., Farnè et al., 2005; Iriki et al., 1996; Witt, Proffitt, & Epstein, 2005).”
MethodExtension of perceived arm length following tool-use: Clues to plasticity of body metrics
Sposito, A. V., Bolognini, N., Vallar, G., & Maravita, A. (2012) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.05.022 · Cited by 140
Prevalence, characteristics and a neurocognitive model of mirror-touch synaesthesia
Banissy, M. J., Kadosh, R. C., Maus, G. W., Walsh, V., & Ward, J. (2009) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-009-1810-9 · Cited by 140
“et al. 2005) and is known to contain visual–tactile body maps which are important for dynamic multisensory body representations (Bremmer et al. 2001; Duhamel et al. 1998; Iriki et al. 1996; Macaluso and Driver 2003; also see Colby 1998; Maravita and Iriki 2002 for review).”
BackgroundAction-dependent plasticity in peripersonal space representations
Làdavas, E., & Serino, A. (2008) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643290802359113 · Cited by 140
“…(2000) are consistent with neurophysiological studies showing that the effects on visual RFs of monkeys’ parietal neurons can be found immediately after tool use, but not after passive tool wielding (Iriki et al., 1996; Hihara, Obayashi, Tanaka, & Iriki, 2003; Obayashi, Tanaka, & Iriki, 2000).”
BackgroundResultSpatial demonstratives and perceptual space: Describing and remembering object location
Coventry, K. R., Griffiths, D., & Hamilton, C. J. (2014) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2013.12.001 · Cited by 135
Extending mind, visuospatial integration, and the evolution of the parietal lobes in the human genus
Bruner, E., & Iriki, A. (2015) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.05.019 · Cited by 140
Self awareness and the body image
Longo, M. R., Schüür, F., Kammers, M. P. M., Manos Tsakiris, A., & Haggard, P. (2009) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2009.02.003 · Cited by 137
Action-specific remapping of peripersonal space
Brozzoli, C., Cardinali, L., Pavani, F., & Farnè, A. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.10.009 · Cited by 143
Foot anatomy specialization for postural sensation and control
Wright, W. G., Ivanenko, Y. P., & Gurfinkel, V. S. (2011) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00256.2011 · Cited by 139
How does it feel to act together?
Pacherie, É. (2013) · Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11097-013-9329-8 · Cited by 146
Maselli, A., & Slater, M. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00693 · Cited by 141
“This provided an additional behavioral counterpart for the properties of parietal VT neurons in the macaque monkey whose vRFs extend outwards after active tool manipulation (Iriki et al., 1996).”
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Saraiji, M. Y., Sasaki, T., Kunze, K. S., Minamizawa, K., & İnami, M. (2018) · ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST) · doi:10.1145/3242587.3242665 · Cited by 135
Big People, Little World: The Body Influences Size Perception
Stefanucci, J. K., & Geuss, M. N. (2009) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p6437 · Cited by 133
Between brains, bodies and things: tectonoetic awareness and the extended self
Malafouris, L. (2008) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0014 · Cited by 135
Beike, D. R., Lampinen, J. M., & Behrend, D. A. (2004) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203337974 · Cited by 136
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Does tool-related fMRI activity within the intraparietal sulcus reflect the plan to grasp?
Valyear, K. F., Cavina‐Pratesi, C., Stiglick, A. J., & Culham, J. C. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.031 · Cited by 137
“Here it has been shown that tool use training can induce remarkable changes in the molecular and neurophysiological properties of cells within the IPS (Hihara et al., 2006; Iriki et al., 1996; Ishibashi et al., 2002a,b).”
MethodFull body action remapping of peripersonal space: The case of walking
Noel, J.-P., Grivaz, P., Marmaroli, P., Lissek, H., Blanke, O., & Serino, A. (2015) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.030 · Cited by 130
“In order to explain the effects of tool-use (Iriki et al., 1996; Maravita & Iriki, 2004; Magosso, Ursino, di Pellegrino, Làdavas, & Serino, 2010; Canzoneri et al., 2013) for instance, it has been proposed that the visual (or auditory) receptive field of PPS neurons might enlarge toward the space…”
Grasping actions remap peripersonal space
Brozzoli, C., Pavani, F., Urquizar, C., Cardinali, L., & Farnè, A. (2009) · NeuroReport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0b013e32832c0b9b · Cited by 129
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The embodiment of assistive devices—from wheelchair to exoskeleton
Pazzaglia, M., & Molinari, M. (2015) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2015.11.006 · Cited by 130
An ecological approach to embodiment and cognition
廣瀬, 直. (2002) · Cognitive Systems Research · doi:10.1016/s1389-0417(02)00044-x · Cited by 128
Empirical perspectives from the self-model theory of subjectivity: a brief summary with examples
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The minimalist grammar of action
Pastra, K., & Aloimonos, Y. (2011) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0123 · Cited by 126
“This is corroborated by neurobiological experiments which indicate that tools are indeed perceived as extensions of one’s own body part [48, 49], so there is an intricate relation between body parts and other objects through the attribution of a ‘tool role’ to them.”
BackgroundTool use and the distalization of the end-effector
Arbib, M. A., Bonaiuto, J. J., Jacobs, S., & Frey, S. H. (2009) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-009-0242-2 · Cited by 131
Crossmodal congruency measures of lateral distance effects on the rubber hand illusion
Zopf, R., Savage, G. R., & Williams, M. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.10.028 · Cited by 118
Brozzoli, C., Ehrsson, H. H., & Farnè, A. (2014) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858413511153 · Cited by 125
The affordance-matching hypothesis: how objects guide action understanding and prediction
Bach, P., Nicholson, T., & Hudson, M. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00254 · Cited by 132
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“Behavioral and neurophysiological studies on tool use have shown that the multisensory representation of the hand can indeed be extended to include a tool (Iriki et al., 1996; Maravita and Iriki, 2004; Cardinali et al., 2009), possibly reflecting the assimilation of tools into the body schema (Head and Holmes, 1911).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialOptimal Control Predicts Human Performance on Objects with Internal Degrees of Freedom
Nagengast, A. J., Braun, D. A., & Wolpert, D. M. (2009) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000419 · Cited by 123
“While objects with no internal degrees of freedom can be regarded as a fixed extension of our limbs [1,2] non-rigid objects pose a more complex control problem.”
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“This could be done by having participants indicate their perception of straight ahead by pointing (as in the present study), and by using a stick that extends the effective reaching distance into extrapersonal space (see [13,17]).”
The brain–artefact interface (BAI): a challenge for archaeology and cultural neuroscience
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Tool morphology constrains the effects of tool use on body representations.
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The spatial self in schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder
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“Seminal electrophysiological studies in monkeys (Iriki et al., 1996), as well as behavioral studies in humans (Maravita and Iriki, 2004), have established that the representation of the space around the hand is malleable and can be enlarged after the utilization of tools.”
Embodiment and telepresence: Toward a comprehensive theoretical framework
Haans, A., & IJsselsteijn, W. A. (2012) · Interacting with Computers · doi:10.1016/j.intcom.2012.04.010 · Cited by 119
“Further evidence is provided by research on bimodal neurons which respond to tactile stimulation of the hand as well as to visual stimuli near the hand (Maravita and Iriki, 2004; Iriki et al., 1996).”
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“These Wndings are in keeping with reports of multisensory shape-selectivity and suggest that the IPS plays a crucial role in binding visual and tactile information (Amedi et al. 2005, 2007; Grefkes et al. 2002; Saito et al. 2003), and multisensory responses in the IPS in monkeys (Iriki et al. 1996).”
BackgroundDetection of visual–tactile contingency in the first year after birth
Zmyj, N., Jank, J., Schütz‐Bosbach, S., & Daum, M. M. (2011) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2011.03.001 · Cited by 111
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The World Within Reach: Effects of Hand Posture and Tool Use on Visual Cognition
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“Iriki, Tanaka, and Iwamura (1996) provided the first evidence of active tool-use modifying the neural representation of the peripersonal space.”
BackgroundVision influences tactile perception at body sites that cannot be viewed directly
Tipper, S. P., Phillips, N., Dancer, C., Lloyd, D. M., Howard, L. M., & McGlone, F. P. (2001) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s002210100743 · Cited by 114
“When the animal uses a tool to reach for a stimulus, the visual receptive field expands around the full length of the tool ( Iriki et al. 1996 ).”
MethodPreston, C. (2013) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.12.005 · Cited by 106
Padberg, J., Cerkevich, C. M., Engle, J. W., Rajan, A. T., Recanzone, G. H., Kaas, J., & Krubitzer, L. A. (2009) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn229 · Cited by 112
Postural instability enhances motor responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation in humans
Solopova, I. A., Kazennikov, O. V., Deniskina, N. B., et al. (2003) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(02)01297-1 · Cited by 113
The Technology Integration Model (TIM). Predicting the continued use of technology
Shaw, H., Ellis, D. A., & Ziegler, F. V. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.02.001 · Cited by 110
Higuchi, T., Cinelli, M. E., Greig, M. A., & Patla, A. E. (2006) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-006-0525-4 · Cited by 110
“A neurophysiological study of a monkey’s brain demonstrated that neurons in the inferior parietal lobe are likely to be involved in representing a hand-held tool as an artiWcial extension of the arm (Iriki et al. 1996).”
BackgroundFunctional properties of the left parietal tool use region
Peeters, R. R., Rizzolatti, G., & Orban, G. A. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.023 · Cited by 107
“The monkeys, in contrast, have only hand action observation areas (Nelissen and Vanduffel, 2011; Peeters et al., 2009), and have to rely on modifications of the hand action circuit to understand, at least to some degree, the use of tools (Iriki et al., 1996).”
The “Cutaneous Rabbit” Hopping out of the Body
Miyazaki, M., Hirashima, M., & Nozaki, D. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3887-09.2010 · Cited by 109
“This phenomenon indicated that the brain referred somatosensory signals from the hands to the tips of the sticks; the results were interpreted as behavioral evidence for the theory that a tool held by the hand is incorporated into the “body schema” (Iriki et al., 1996; Maravita and Iriki, 2004).”
Padberg, J., Disbrow, E., & Krubitzer, L. (2005) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhi071 · Cited by 107
Dissociating effect of upper limb non-use and overuse on space and body representations
Bassolino, M., Finisguerra, A., Canzoneri, E., Serino, A., & Pozzo, T. (2015) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.11.028 · Cited by 103
“…both extend after tool-use (Bassolino et al., 2010; Canzoneri et al., 2013a; Cardinali et al., 2009b; Farnè and Làdavas, 2000; Holmes et al., 2007; Iriki et al., 1996; Maravita journal homepage:…”
MethodOthers' Actions Reduce Crossmodal Integration in Peripersonal Space
Heed, T., Habets, B., Sebanz, N., & Knoblich, G. (2010) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2010.05.068 · Cited by 104
Caligiore, D., Arbib, M. A., Miall, R. C., & Baldassarre, G. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.02.008 · Cited by 110
Metadata
- Authors
- lriki, A., Tanaka, M., & Iwamura, Y.
- Affiliations
- Toho University (JP)
- Venue
- NeuroReport
- Published
- 1996-10
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 2325-2330
- ISSN
- 0959-4965 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2119233587
- Cited by
- 1,274
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 53
- FWCI
- 3.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroreport (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Embodied and Extended Cognition
- Keywords
- body schema, tool use, bimodal neurons, somatosensory cortex, visual receptive fields, perceptual assimilation, macaque, neural coding
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Body Image, Macaca, Psychomotor Performance, Spatial Behavior, Visual Perception
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