Naltrexone in autistic children: An acute open dose range tolerance trial
Open accessAbstract
The safety and efficacy of naltrexone was explored in an open acute dose range tolerance trial in 10 hospitalized autistic children, ages 3.42 to 6.50 years (mean, 5.04). Naltrexone was given in ascending doses: 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg/day. Behavioral side effects were observed as early as 1/2 hour after dosing. Ratings on the Children's Psychiatric Rating Scale showed that withdrawal was reduced across all three dose levels; administration of 0.5 mg/kg/day dose resulted in increased verbal production; and the 2.0 mg/kg/day dose resulted in reduction of sterotypies. Mild sedation of brief duration was the only side effect. Electrocardiogram, liver function tests, and all other laboratory studies remained unchanged throughout the study. These preliminary findings require replication in a larger sample of patients under double-blind and placebo controlled condition.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Naltrexone has been used successfully to decrease self-injurious behavior, stereotypies, hyperactivity, and withdrawal while increasing verbal production and attentiveness.
“For example, naltrexone, although less selective to the μ-opioid receptor than NAL, has been used successfully to decrease self-injurious behavior, stereotypies, hyperactivity, and withdrawal while increasing verbal production and attentiveness (69, 70).”
From Oxytocin under opioid antagonism leads to supralinear enhancement of social attention (2017) · cites this paper as [70]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
A rating scale for tardive dyskinesia
Simpson, G. M., Lee, J. H., Zoubok, B., & Gárdos, G. (1979) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00496058 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Imipramine in Prepubertal Major Depressive Disorders
Puig-Antich, J. (1987) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800130093012 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Neurobiological Issues in Autism
Cross, A. W., Churchill, L. R., Sharp, M. C., & King, N. M. P. (1987) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1992-2 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Endorphin Activity in Childhood Psychosis
Gillberg, C. (1985) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1985.01790310042005 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
indicated, N. A. (1948) · Journal of Consulting Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0051099 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Naltrexone decreases self‐injurious behavior
Herman, B. H., Hammock, M. K., Arthur-Smith, A., Egan, J. V., Chatoor, I., Werner, A., & Zelnik, N. (1987) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410220419 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Clinical Studies of Methylphenidate Serum Levels in Children and Adults
Gualtieri, C. T., Wargin, W. A., Kanoy, R. C., Patrick, K. S., SHEN, C. D., Youngblood, W. W., Mueller, R. A., & Breese, G. R. (1982) · Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-198201000-00005 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
High-dose naltrexone therapy and dietary counseling for obesity
Mitchell, J. E., Morley, J. E., Levine, A. S., Hatsukami, D., Gannon, M. C., & Pfohl, D. (1987) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(87)90127-2 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Humoral-endorphin blood levels in autistic, schizophrenic and healthy subjects
Weizman, R., Weizman, A., Tyano, S., Szekely, G., Weissman, B. A., & Sarne, Y. (1984) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00427687 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Effect of naltrexone on food intake, hunger, and satiety in obese men
Spiegel, T. A., Stunkard, A. J., Shrager, E. E., et al. (1987) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(87)90198-3 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Naltrexone in infantile autism.
Campbell, M., Adams, P. J., Small, A. M., Tesch, L.-G., & CURREN, E. L. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationRationale for the administration of opiate antagonists in treating infantile autism.
Deutsch, S. I. (1986) · PubMed · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Naltrexone and human eating behavior: A dose-ranging inpatient trial in moderately obese men
Maggio, C. A., Presta, E., Bracco, E. F., et al. (1985) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/0361-9230(85)90115-7 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Naltrexone hydrochloride (Trexan): A review of serum transaminase elevations at high dosage.
Pfohl, D., Allen, J. I., Atkinson, R. L., & Knopman, D. S. (1986) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e468412004-001 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Sensory preference and overselective responding in autistic children
Kolko, D. J., Anderson, L. T., & Campbell, M. (1980) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02408285 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of narcotic antagonists on self-injurious behavior: a single case study.
Bernstein, G. A., Hughes, J. R., Mitchell, J. E., et al. (1987) · PubMed · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Behavioral and cognitive measures used in psychopharmacological studies of infantile autism.
Campbell, M., & Palij, M. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationHerman, B. H., Hammock, M. K., Arthur-Smith, A., KUEHL, K. S., & Appelgate, K. (2019) · Developmental Pharmacology and Therapeutics · doi:10.1159/000480957 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Naltrexone (Trexan): A review of hepatotoxicity issues.
Verebey, K., & Mulé, S. J. (1986) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e467872004-001 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Blood Level Measurement of Psychoactive Drugs in Pediatric Psychiatry
Gualtieri, C. T., Golden, R., Evans, R. W., et al. (1984) · Therapeutic Drug Monitoring · doi:10.1097/00007691-198406000-00001 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
ROLE OF OPIOID PEPTIDES IN DISORDERS OF ATTENTION IN PSYCHPATHOLOGY
Buchsbaum, M. S., Reus, V. I., Davis, G. C., et al. (1982) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1982.tb39506.x · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Willette, R. E., & Barnett, G. (1981) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Role-playing techniques: locus of control and the attraction to behavior simulation interventions.
Kipper, D. A. (1988) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198809)44:5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY OF NALTREXONE
(1976) · Inpharma Weekly · doi:10.1007/bf03288439 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Campbell, M. (1985), Timed stereotypies rating scale. Psychophar- macol. Bull., Special Feature: Rating Scales and Assessment Instru- ments for Use in Pediatric Psychopharmacology Research, 21(4):1082.
- Chinn, D. M., McGinnis, K. M. & Foltz, R. L. (1983), The quanti- tative measurement of naitrexone and its major metabolites in plasma and urine. Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics, pp. 390- 391.
- --Hammock, M. K., Arthur-Smith, A. et aI. (1986), Effects of naltrexone in autism: correlation with plasma opioid concentra- tions. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Scientific Proceedings for the Annual Meeting. II: 11-12.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Autism and pervasive developmental disorders
Volkmar, F. R., Lord, C., Bailey, A., Schultz, R. T., & Klin, A. (2004) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1046/j.0021-9630.2003.00317.x · Cited by 616 · see citing works
Neurochemical correlates of autistic disorder: a review of the literature
Lam, K. S. L., Aman, M. G., & Arnold, L. E. (2006) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2005.03.003 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Naltrexone in autistic children: Behavioral symptoms and attentional learning
CAMPBELL, M., ANDERSON, L. T., SMALL, A. M., ADAMS, P., GONZALEZ, N. M., & ERNST, M. (1993) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199311000-00024 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Self-citationNeurofunctional mechanisms in autism
Waterhouse, L., Fein, D., & Modahl, C. (1996) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.103.3.457 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Brief report: A double-blind study of naltrexone in infantile autism
Leboyer, M., Bouvard, M. P., Launay, J.-M., Tabuteau, F., Waller, D., Dugas, M., Kerdelhue, B., Lensing, P., & Panksepp, J. (1992) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf01058158 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Treatment of inattention, overactivity, and impulsiveness in autism spectrum disorders
Aman, M. G., Farmer, C. A., Hollway, J., & Arnold, L. E. (2008) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2008.06.009 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Oxytocin under opioid antagonism leads to supralinear enhancement of social attention
Dal Monte, O., Piva, M., Anderson, K. M., Tringides, M., Holmes, A. J., & Chang, S. W. C. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1702725114 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Treatment of hyperactivity in children with pervasive developmental disorders
Scahill, L., & Pachler, M. (2007) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6171.2007.00080.x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
- Authors
- CAMPBELL, M., OVERALL, J. E., SMALL, A. M., SOKOL, M. S., SPENCER, E. K., ADAMS, P., FOLTZ, R. L., MONTI, K. M., PERRY, R., NOBLER, M., & ROBERTS, E.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1989-03
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 200-206
- ISSN
- 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2087735661
- Cited by
- 93
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 4.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Keywords
- naltrexone, autism spectrum disorder, children with autism, behavioral side effects, withdrawal behavior, verbal production, stereotypy, sedation, drug safety, drug efficacy
- MeSH terms
- Autistic Disorder, Child, Child, Preschool, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Humans, Male, Naltrexone, Stereotyped Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
