Interactive effect of cigarettes and coffee on daytime systolic blood pressure in patients with mild essential hypertension
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that moderate smoking (fewer than 20 cigarettes/day) and coffee consumption have an interactive effect on ambulatory blood pressure. DESIGN: A case-control study. SETTING: Patients in the multicentre Hypertension Ambulatory Venetia Study, northeastern Italy. SUBJECTS: Six hundred and forty-three men and 244 women with borderline-to-mild status (non-smokers versus smokers) and their habitual consumption of coffee (0, 1-3, or 4+ cups/day). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Office blood pressure, ambulatory blood pressure, urinary adrenaline and noradrenaline levels according to smoking status, coffee consumption and their interaction. RESULTS: In the men, daytime systolic blood pressure (SBP) was significantly higher in the smokers than in the non-smokers and in the coffee drinkers than in the others. Moreover, two-way analysis of covariance revealed a significant interaction between smoking status and coffee consumption: the daytime SBP in smokers who drank 4+ cups/day of coffee was 6.0 mmHg higher than that of non-smokers who abstained from coffee. Conversely, office blood pressure was lower in the smokers than in the non-smokers and was similar in the coffee drinkers and the others. Coffee consumption had a significant effect on urinary adrenaline. Similar results were obtained in the women. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast with what is shown by office blood pressure measurement, moderate smokers and coffee drinkers with mild hypertension have significantly higher daytime SBP levels than non-smokers and those who do not drink coffee. Cigarettes and coffee have an interactive effect on daytime SBP in young patients, with mild essential hypertension.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Smoking and caffeine have an unfavorable interaction on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk.
“Studies have shown that smoking and caffeine have an unfavorable interaction on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk (20 -23).”
From Smoking and caffeine have a synergistic detrimental effect on aortic stiffness and wave reflections (2004) · cites this paper as [21]
Habitual cigarette and coffee consumption increase systolic blood pressure.
“Furthermore, case-control studies have shown that habitual cigarette and coffee consumption increase systolic blood pressure (21) and the risk of acute myocardial infarction (23).”
From Smoking and caffeine have a synergistic detrimental effect on aortic stiffness and wave reflections (2004) · cites this paper as [21]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Coffee, caffeine and blood pressure: a critical review
Nurminen, M.-L., Niittynen, L., Korpela, R., & Vapaatalo, H. (1999) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600899 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
“…of coffee or caffeine increases the plasma concentrations of catecholamines, particularly adrenaline, and the urinary excretion of catecholamines (Robertson et al, 1978; Izzo et al, 1983; Smits et al, 1985; Pincomb et al, 1988; Lane et al, 1990; Nussberger et al, 1990; Narkiewicz et al, 1995).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCigarette Smoking Increases Sympathetic Outflow in Humans
Narkiewicz, K., van de Borne, P. J. H., Hausberg, M., Cooley, R. L., Winniford, M. D., Davison, D. E., & Somers, V. K. (1998) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.98.6.528 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Self-citationCYP1A2 genotype modifies the association between coffee intake and the risk of hypertension
Palatini, P., Ceolotto, G., Ragazzo, F., Dorigatti, F., Saladini, F., Papparella, I., Mos, L., Zanata, G., & Santonastaso, M. (2009) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0b013e32832ba850 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Self-citationSmoking and caffeine have a synergistic detrimental effect on aortic stiffness and wave reflections
Vlachopoulos, C., Kosmopoulou, F., Panagiotakos, D., Ioakeimidis, N., Alexopoulos, N., Pitsavos, C., & Stefanadis, C. (2004) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.07.049 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Influence of Smoking on Predictors of Vascular Disease
Tsiara, S., Elisaf, M., & Mikhailidis, D. P. (2003) · Angiology · doi:10.1177/000331970305400501 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Pierdomenico, S. D., Bucci, A., Costantini, F., Lapenna, D., Cuccurullo, F., & Mezzetti, A. (1998) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(98)00163-6 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Habitual coffee consumption and blood pressure: An epidemiological perspective
Geleijnse, J. M. (2008) · Vascular Health and Risk Management · doi:10.2147/vhrm.s3055 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Coffee and Arterial Hypertension
Surma, S., & Oparil, S. (2021) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-021-01156-3 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Xie, C., Cui, L., Zhu, J., Wang, K., Sun, N., & Sun, C. (2018) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/s41371-017-0007-0 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“There have been several studies certifying that the background characteristics, such as smoking and alcohol use, influence the effect of coffee on hypertension risk [14, 36, 37].”
BackgroundAssociation of ambulatory blood pressure and dietary caffeine in adolescents
SAVOCA, M., MACKEY, M., EVANS, C., WILSON, M., LUDWIG, D., & HARSHFIELD, G. (2005) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/j.amjhyper.2004.08.011 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Contreras, E. M., Garcia, O. V., Claros, N. M., Gil-Guillén, V. F., von Wichmann, M. D. L. F., Martínez, J. J. C., & Fernández, R. (2005) · Blood Pressure · doi:10.1080/08037050510008977 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Effects of Coffee on Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Older Men and Women
Rakic, V., Burke, V., & Beilin, L. J. (1999) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.33.3.869 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Palatini, P., Winnicki, M., Santonastaso, M., Mos, L., Longo, D., Zaetta, V., Follo, M. D., Biasion, T., & Pessina, A. C. (2004) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000135250.57004.19 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationCois, A., & Ehrlich, R. I. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-414 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Is smoking a causative factor of hypertension?
Narkiewicz, K., Kjeldsen, S. E., & Hedner, T. (2005) · Blood Pressure · doi:10.1080/08037050510034202 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationFamily History of Hypertension and Blood Pressure in a Screened Cohort.
Tozawa, M., Oshiro, S., Iseki, C., et al. (2001) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1291/hypres.24.93 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Kitamura, T., Onishi, K., Dohi, K., 沖中, 務., Ito, M., Isaka, N., & Nakano, T. (2002) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1001328 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“Although it has been reported that smoking might influence daytime BP, the effect of smoking seems to be more relevant in heavy smokers, particularly for systolic BP, and less important in moderate smokers”
BackgroundAssociation of Extreme Nocturnal Dipping With Cardiovascular Events Strongly Depends on Age
Palatini, P., Verdecchia, P., Beilin, L. J., Eguchi, K., Imai, Y., Kario, K., Ohkubo, T., Pierdomenico, S. D., Saladini, F., Schwartz, J. E., et al. (2019) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.14085 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationDrug-related hypertension and resistance to antihypertensive treatment
Rossi, G. P., Seccia, T. M., Maniero, C., & Pessina, A. C. (2011) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0b013e32834c465d · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationHypertension in Young People: Epidemiology, Diagnostic Assessment and Therapeutic Approach
Battistoni, A., Canichella, F., Pignatelli, G., Ferrucci, A., Tocci, G., & Volpe, M. (2015) · High Blood Pressure & Cardiovascular Prevention · doi:10.1007/s40292-015-0114-3 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Elevated heart rate in cardiovascular diseases: a target for treatment?
Palatini, P. (2009) · Progress in cardiovascular diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2009.05.005 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationSmoking is associated with chronic sympathetic activation in hypertension
Hering, D., Kucharska, W., Kára, T., Somers, V. K., & Narkiewicz, K. (2010) · Blood Pressure · doi:10.3109/08037051.2010.484150 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of smoking on central blood pressure and pressure amplification in hypertension of the young
Saladini, F., Benetti, E., Fania, C., Mos, L., Casiglia, E., & Palatini, P. (2016) · Vascular Medicine · doi:10.1177/1358863x16647509 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationHabitual coffee consumption and 24-h blood pressure control in older adults with hypertension
López‐García, E., ARBELAEZ, E. O., León-Muñoz, L. M., Guallar‐Castillón, P., Graciani, A., Banegas, J. R., & Rodríguez‐Artalejo, F. (2016) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.03.021 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Accepted Manuscript Habitual coffee consumption and 24-h blood pressure control in older adults with hypertension Esther Lopez-Garcia, Edilberto Orozco-Arbeláez, Luz María Leon-Muñoz, Pilar Guallar-Castillon, Auxiliadora Graciani, José Ramón Banegas, Fernando RodríguezArtalejo PII: S0261-5614(16)30009-7 DOI: 10.1016/j…”
BackgroundInfluentialAssociation between coffee consumption and risk of hypertension
Palatini, P., Dorigatti, F., Santonastaso, M., Cozzio, S., Biasion, T., Garavelli, G., Pessina, A. C., & Mos, L. (2007) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890701491018 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationDo we undertreat hypertensive smokers? A comparison between smoking and non-smoking hypertensives
Bang, L. E., Buttenschön, L., Kristensen, K., & Svendsen, T. L. (2000) · Blood Pressure Monitoring · doi:10.1097/00126097-200010000-00004 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Psychosocial influences on blood pressure during daily life
Carels, R. A., Sherwood, A., & Blumenthal, J. A. (1998) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0167-8760(97)00090-1 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Changing relationship among clinic, home, and ambulatory blood pressure with increasing age.
Stergiou, G., Ntineri, A., Kollias, A., Destounis, A., Nasothimiou, E., & Roussias, L. G. (2015) · Journal of the American Society of Hypertension : JASH · doi:10.1016/j.jash.2015.04.002 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Lifestyle, family history and progression of hypertension
Winnicki, M., Somers, V. K., Dorigatti, F., Longo, D., Santonastaso, M., Mos, L., Mattarei, M., Pessina, A. C., & Palatini, P. (2006) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/01.hjh.0000239281.27938.d4 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationMasked hypertension: how can the condition be detected?
Palatini, P. (2004) · Blood Pressure Monitoring · doi:10.1097/00126097-200412000-00005 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationMasked hypertension, a review of the literature
Verberk, W. J., Thien, T. A., & de Leeuw, P. W. (2007) · Blood Pressure Monitoring · doi:10.1097/mbp.0b013e3280fb2792 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The relation between maternal work, ambulatory blood pressure, and pregnancy hypertension
Higgins, J. R., Walshe, J. J., Conroy, R. M., & Darling, M. R. N. (2002) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.56.5.389 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Multiple risk factor clustering of hypertension in a screened cohort
Tozawa, M., Oshiro, S., Iseki, C., et al. (2000) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/00004872-200018100-00004 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Non-invasive 24 h blood pressure monitoring showed that systolic ambulatory blood pressure increased during the day time period in smokers [26].”
BackgroundBlood pressure during pregnancy in a Swedish population; impact of parity
Strevens, H., Wide‐Swensson, D., & Ingemarsson, I. (2001) · Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0412.2001.080009824.x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Smoking non-pregnant patients with mild essential hypertension have also been shown to have lower office blood pressure levels than non-smokers although daytime SBP levels are significantly higher (21).”
BackgroundSmoking is associated with higher cardiovascular risk in young women than in men
Vriz, O., Nesbitt, S. D., Krause, L. C., Majahalme, S. K., Lu, H., & Julius, S. (1997) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/00004872-199715020-00002 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Ohta, Y., Kawano, Y., Hayashi, S., Iwashima, Y., Yoshihara, F., & Nakamura, S. (2016) · Clinical and Experimental Hypertension · doi:10.3109/10641963.2016.1148161 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Longo, D., Dorigatti, F., & Palatini, P. (2005) · Blood Pressure Monitoring · doi:10.1097/00126097-200512000-00004 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationNon Pharmacologic Therapy and Lifestyle Factors in Hypertension
Beilin, L. J., Burke, V., Cox, K. L., Hodgson, J. M., Mori, T. A., & Puddey, I. B. (2001) · Blood Pressure · doi:10.1080/080370501753400656 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Pánková, A., Králíková, E., Fraser, K., Lajka, J., Svacina, S., & Matoulek, M. (2015) · Tobacco Induced Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12971-015-0049-4 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Registro de 24 horas da pressão arterial em tabagistas e não-tabagistas
Morillo, M. G., Amato, M. C. M., & Filha, S. P. C. (2006) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia · doi:10.1590/s0066-782x2006001700016 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Effects of Alcohol Intake on Organ Injuries in Normotensive and Hypertensive Human Subjects
Ishimitsu, T., Yoshida, K., Nakamura, M., Tsukada, K., Yagi, S., Ohrui, M., Hisauchi, T., & Matsuoka, H. (1997) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0930541 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Holanger, M., Kjeldsen, S. E., Jamerson, K., et al. (2020) · Blood Pressure · doi:10.1080/08037051.2020.1787815 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Sørensen, K., Kristensen, K., Bang, L. E., et al. (2004) · Blood Pressure · doi:10.1080/08037050410004837 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Onat, A., & Sansoy, V. (1998) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0167-5273(97)00315-x · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Impact of Multiple Risk Factor Clustering on the Elevation of Blood Pressure.
Tozawa, M., Iseki, K., Iseki, C., Oshiro, S., Higashiuesato, Y., Ikemiya, Y., & Takishita, S. (2002) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1291/hypres.25.811 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Smoking and cardiovascular risk
Szczęch, R., Hering, D., & Narkiewicz, K. (2003) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/00004872-200401000-00007 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationManagement of the Hypertensive Patient Who Smokes
Pardell, H., Tresserras, R., Saltó, E., Armario, P., & ndez, R. H. (1998) · Drugs · doi:10.2165/00003495-199856020-00002 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Pourmoghddas, A., Gharipour, M., Garakyaraghi, M., et al. (2019) · Acta bio-medica dell'Ateneo parmense/Acta biomedica · doi:10.23750/abm.v89i4.5169 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Besides, some modifiable risk factors have been identified to affect level of blood pressure such as high body mass index, high waist circumference, alcohol use, low physical activity, and also smoking (7).”
BackgroundPalatini, P., Battista, F., Mos, L., Rattazzi, M., Ermolao, A., Vriz, O., Mazzer, A., & Saladini, F. (2024) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000003874 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Smoking, a source of BP variability [38] and a potential confounding factor during waking time was not a determinant of daytime BP changes from day to day but was a negative predictor of daytime hypertension reproducibility.”
Self-citationYamamoto-Moreno, J. A., Navarro-Rodríguez, S. A., Ruiz-Pérez, S., Godínez-Reyes, J. C., & Mendoza-Rojo, M. (2020) · International Journal of Medical Students · doi:10.5195/ijms.2020.639 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Cohen, D. L., & Townsend, R. R. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/j.1751-7176.2009.00180.x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
How Should We Manage a Patient with Masked Hypertension?
Palatini, P. (2014) · High Blood Pressure & Cardiovascular Prevention · doi:10.1007/s40292-014-0044-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationMasked hypertension: where do we stand?
Verberk, W. J., de Leeuw, P. W., & Thien, T. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Hypertension management in older people
Luckson, M. (2010) · British Journal of Community Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjcn.2010.15.1.45779 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The HARVEST: looking for optimal management of young people with stage 1 hypertension
PALATINI, P. (2021) · Panminerva Medica · doi:10.23736/s0031-0808.21.04350-0 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationBerbari, A. E., Daouk, N. A., & Jurjus, A. R. (2017) · Updates in hypertension and cardiovascular protection · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-59918-2_43 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Nichtmedikamentöse Therapie der arteriellen Hypertonie
Stimpel, M. (2001) · Steinkopff eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-57617-1_20 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Smoking, Nicotine and Blood Pressure
Hering, D., & Narkiewicz, K. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-88-470-2601-8_18 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationWhat can be learnt from an atypical population?
Jelinek, M. V., & Hammond, J. A. B. (2019) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487319846585 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A MINI-REVIEW ON NICOTINE AND ITS CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS
Morsy, T. A., & ALWADAI, M. (2020) · Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology · doi:10.21608/jesp.2020.88754 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Also, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring suggests an interactive effect between smoking and coffee drinking in patients with mild essential hypertension, resulting in a mean elevation in daytime systolic pressure of about 6.0 mmHg (Narkiewicz et al, 1995).”
BackgroundInfluentialKhosravi, A., Gharipour, M., Behjati, M., et al. (2016) · Acta bio-medica dell'Ateneo parmense/Acta biomedica · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Caffeine and Incident Hypertension in Women
Palatini, P. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.295.18.2136-a · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationClinical Significance and Treatment Requirements in White Coat and Masked Hypertension
Mallion, J.-M. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-88-470-2601-8_2
“influence the relationship between clinic and ABP [56].”
BackgroundWhoWas That Masked Man? The Challenge of Masked Hypertension
Shih, A. W. Y., Wilson, M. P., & Wilson, T. W. (2006)
Habitual Chocolate Consumption and 24‐Hour Blood Pressure Control in Older Adults with Hypertension
ARBELAEZ, E. O., Guallar‐Castillón, P., Graciani, A., Banegas, J. R., Rodríguez‐Artalejo, F., & López‐García, E. (2015) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.13855
Lifestyle Modifications in the Treatment of Hypertension
Nayak, V. S., Caster, D. J., & Lederer, E. D. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4454-1_42
Renke, M. (2009)
Rojek, A. (2009)
俊彦, 石., & 南順一 (1999) · Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi · doi:10.2169/naika.88.207
Sekitoleko, I., Kansiime, S., Mugamba, V., Kawooya, I., Ntabadde, K., Nakyeyune, R., Mbazzi, F. B., Nyirenda, M., Niwaha, A. J., & Byrd, J. B. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.07.10.24310246
Debating coffee and hypertension: coffee may increase the risk for chronic hypertension
Palatini, P. (2026) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1093/ajh/hpag017
Self-citation
- Authors
- Narkiewicz, K., Maraglino, G., Biasion, T., Rossi, G., Sanzuol, F., & Palatini, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Padua (IT)
- Venue
- Journal of Hypertension
- Published
- 1995
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 965-970
- ISSN
- 0263-6352 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1975709740
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 2 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Hypertension (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
- Keywords
- smoking, coffee consumption, mild essential hypertension, ambulatory blood pressure, office blood pressure, urinary adrenaline, urinary noradrenaline, interaction effects, young adults
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Blood Pressure, Circadian Rhythm, Coffee, Epinephrine, Female, Humans, Hypertension, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Smoking, Case-Control Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
