CYP1A2 genotype modifies the association between coffee intake and the risk of hypertension
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: The longitudinal relationship between coffee use and hypertension is still controversial. Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) is the main responsible enzyme for the metabolism of caffeine. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of coffee intake on the risk of developing hypertension needing antihypertensive treatment in individuals stratified by CYP1A2 genotype. DESIGN: We assessed prospectively 553 young White individuals screened for stage 1 hypertension. Coffee intake was ascertained from regularly administered questionnaires. Incident physician-diagnosed hypertension was the outcome measure. Genotyping of CYP1A2 SNP was performed by real time PCR. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 8.2 years, 323 individuals developed hypertension. For carriers of the slow *1F allele (59%), hazard ratios of hypertension from multivariable Cox analysis were 1.00 in abstainers (reference), 1.72 (95%CI, 1.21-2.44) in moderate coffee drinkers (P = 0.03), and 3.00 (1.53-5.90) in heavy drinkers (P = 0.001). In contrast, hazard ratios for coffee drinkers with the rapid *1A/*1A genotype were 0.80 (0.52-1.23, P = 0.29) for moderate drinkers and 0.36 (0.14-0.89, P = 0.026) for heavy drinkers. In a two-way ANCOVA, a gene x coffee interactive effect was found on follow-up changes in systolic (P = 0.000) and diastolic (P = 0.007) blood pressure. Urinary epinephrine was higher in coffee drinkers than abstainers but only among individuals with slow *1F allele (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: These data show that the risk of hypertension associated with coffee intake varies according to CYP1A2 genotype. Carriers of slow *1F allele are at increased risk and should thus abstain from coffee, whereas individuals with *1A/*1A genotype can safely drink coffee.
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Palatini et al. (2009) reported an increased risk of developing sustained hypertension requiring pharmacological treatment with increasing caffeinated coffee consumption in carriers of the slow CC or CA allele (59%) of the CYP1A2 gene, but not in carriers of the fast AA allele.
“A subsequent study by the same authors (Palatini et al., 2009) reported an increased risk of developing sustained hypertension requiring pharmacological treatment with increasing caffeinated coffee consumption in carriers of the slow CC or CA allele (59 %) of the CYP1A2 gene, but not in carriers of the fast AA allele”
From Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine (2015) · cites this paper as Palatini et al., 2009
The two Palatini studies exclusively enrolled subjects with never-treated stage 1 hypertension at baseline and do not provide information about the general (unselected) adult population.
“However, these two studies exclusively enrolled subjects with never-treated stage 1 hypertension at baseline (incidence of hypertension requiring medication of 50.7 % in the six-year follow-up) and do not provide information about the general (unselected) adult population.”
From Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine (2015) · cites this paper as Palatini et al., 2009
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- Authors
- Palatini, P., Ceolotto, G., Ragazzo, F., Dorigatti, F., Saladini, F., Papparella, I., Mos, L., Zanata, G., & Santonastaso, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Padua (IT)
- Ospedale Civile di Vittorio Veneto (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Palatini, Paolo
- Venue
- Journal of Hypertension
- Published
- 2009-08
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1594-1601
- ISSN
- 0263-6352 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1985198911
- Cited by
- 230
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 7.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Hypertension (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Università degli Studi di Padova
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism
- Keywords
- coffee consumption, hypertension, caffeine metabolism, gene-diet interaction, slow metabolizers, urinary epinephrine, blood pressure, antihypertensive therapy, young adults
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Coffee, Epinephrine, Follow-Up Studies, Genotype, Humans, Hypertension, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Risk, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
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