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SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT BY SELF-REPORT IN A COMMUNITY SAMPLE AND IN PSYCHIATRIC OUTPATIENTS
Abstract
Data are presented on social functioning derived from a self-report social adjustment scale (SAS-SR) administered to 774 subjects including a community sample and three psychiatric outpatient populations: acute depressives, alcoholics, and schizophrenics. This self-report scale derives from an interview form and was developed and tested on depressed outpatients. Since its publication, it has been used in populations other than depressives including other psychiatric patients, nonpsychiatric patients, and nonpatients. The purpose of this paper is to make data available to other investigators on results of this self-report social adjustment scale in a broad range of subjects and to describe further the psychometric properties, limitations, and utility of the scale. Findings show that the scale has wide applicability in a range of subjects but that certain cautions should be followed in using it with chronically impaired psychiatric populations who may not be involved in the major roles assessed by the scale.
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“The SAS-SR is sensitive to change and has good convergent and discriminant validity.”
From A Randomized Pilot Study of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Improve Social Support for Veterans with PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“The SAS-SR is sensitive to change and has good convergent and discriminant validity.”
From A Randomized Pilot Study of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Improve Social Support for Veterans with PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [44]
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“5), indicating a moderate level of social impairment (Weissman et al., 1978).”
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Vittengl, J. R., Clark, L. A., & Jarrett, R. B. (2008) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.04.004 · Cited by 55
“In support of its validity, the SAS-SR has correlated with clinical ratings and has been sensitive to change in psychopathology (Weissman and Bothwell, 1976; Weissman et al., 1978).”
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InfluentialChange experienced during group therapy by female survivors of childhood sexual abuse.
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Bebbington, P., Brugha, T. S., Meltzer, H., Farrell, M., Ceresa, C., Jenkins, R., & Lewis, G. (2000) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s001270050227 · Cited by 53
“However, Weissman and her colleagues ( Weissman and Paykel 1974; Paykel et al. 1978) and Hirsch et al. (1979) have shown a potential diAerence between the two measures.”
BackgroundInfluentialFrequency of bulimic behaviors and associated social maladjustment in female graduate students
Herzog, D. B., Norman, D. K., Rigotti, N. A., & Pepose, M. (1986) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(86)90038-5 · Cited by 53
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The Scottish First Episode Schizophrenia Study V. One-year Follow-up
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“Dating behavior was elicited in the structured self-report questionnaire [ 35 ] by asking:“How many times during the last month have you been out with someone of the opposite sex (in a restaurant, movies, dancing etc.)?”.”
MethodDenton, W. H., Carmody, T. J., Rush, A. J., Thase, M. E., Trivedi, M. H., Arnow, B. A., Klein, D. N., & Keller, M. B. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709990535 · Cited by 55
“above the mean of a normative sample (Weissman et al. 1978), classifies about 10% of the general population as having dyadic discord.”
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Fonagy, P., Lemma, A., Target, M., O’Keeffe, S., Constantinou, M., Wurman, T. V., Luyten, P., Allison, E., Roth, A. D., Cape, J. D., et al. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719000928 · Cited by 59
“Secondary outcome measures included the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI; Beck et al., 1996), Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI; de Beurs and Zitman, 2006), revised Social Adjustment Scale (SAS; Weissman et al., 1978), EQ-5D (The EuroQol Group, 1990), Experiences in Close Relationships Questionnaire-Revised (ECR-R; Fraley…”
MethodGroup therapy for sexual-assault victims.
Roth, S., Dye, E., & Lebowitz, L. (1988) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/h0085326 · Cited by 48
Effect of behavior therapy for Tourette's disorder on psychiatric symptoms and functioning in adults
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“Social Adjustment Scale Self-Report (SAS-SR; Weissman et al., 1978).”
MethodAssessment and Emergency Management of Suicidality in Personality Disorders
Zaheer, J., Links, P. S., & Liu, E. (2008) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2008.03.007 · Cited by 49
Resilience in retired police officers.
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Does Mutual Help Facilitate Newly Bereaved Widowers?
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Ghitza, U. E., Epstein, D., & Preston, K. (2008) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.04.003 · Cited by 46
“These outcome measures were assessed with validated instruments (Weissman et al., 1978; Weissman et al., 1981; Goldman et al., 1992).”
BackgroundMethodGersh, E., Hulbert, C. A., McKechnie, B., Ramadan, R., Worotniuk, T., & Chanen, A. M. (2016) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12097 · Cited by 56
Zimmer‐Gembeck, M. J., Skinner, E. A., Modecki, K. L., Webb, H. J., Gardner, A. A., Hawes, T., & Rapee, R. M. (2018) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2018.1537908 · Cited by 47
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Reduced mortality after severe head injury will increase the demands for rehabilitation services
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“In models demonstrating a significant relationship between connectivity and SAS or IRI scores, we ran an additional model testing whether the association was different between groups by including a group*connectivity interaction term in the regression model.”
InfluentialHardy, G. E., Cahill, J., Shapiro, D. A., Barkham, M., Rees, A., & Macaskill, N. D. (2001) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.69.5.841 · Cited by 54
The development and validation of the coping inventory for prodromes of mania
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Anxiety and depression: Comorbidity, psychopathology, and social functioning
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“Parent-child relationships were assessed by both family members-the child and the parent-with the Parental Role scale of the Social Adjustment Scale-Self Report (SAS-SR) [43].”
MethodInfluentialSocial adjustment and self-esteem in remitted patients with mood disorders
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The Scottish First Episode Schizophrenia Study
McCreadie, R. G., Wiles, D. H., MOORE, J. W., Grant, S. M., Crocket, G. T., Mahmood, Z., Livingston Martin, G., Watt, J. A. G., Greene, J. G., Kershaw, P. W., et al. (1987) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.150.3.340 · Cited by 44
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“We modified the Social Adjustment Scale to measure adjustment and functioning in the four social domains related to employment (6 items), social and leisure activities (9 items), relationships with extended family members (7 items), and her role as a parent (4 items) (Weissman et al., 1978).”
MethodOnu, C., Ongeri, L., Bukusi, E. A., Cohen, C. R., Neylan, T. C., Oyaro, P., Rota, G., Otewa, F., Delucchi, K., & Meffert, S. M. (2016) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1187-6 · Cited by 42
“Abbreviations ART: antiretroviral therapy; AUDIT: Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; AVLT: Auditory Verbal Learning Test; BDI: Beck Depression Scale; BVMT: Brief Visual Memory Test; CAG: Community Advisory Group; CDC: Center for Disease Control; CTS2: Conflict Tactics Scale; DAST: Drug Abuse Screening Test; FA…”
Hoiles, K. J., Egan, S. J., & Kane, R. T. (2011) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2011.11.007 · Cited by 39
“74) (Weissman et al., 1978).”
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Undieting: A program to help people stop dieting
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The Role of Shame in Women's Recovery from Alcoholism
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Molenaar, P. J., Dekker, J., Van, R., Hendriksen, M., Vink, A., & Schoevers, R. A. (2006) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20254 · Cited by 39
“…an association between severity of depression and level of social functioning [Dekker et al., 1998; De Lisio et al., 1986; Evans et al., 1996; Judd et al., 2000; Leader and Klein, 1996; Ormel et al., 2004; Weissman et al., 1978]; however, others did not [Dorz et al., 2002; Mintz et al., 1992].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLong‐term impact of treatment in women diagnosed with bulimia nervosa
Keel, P. K., Mitchell, J. E., Davis, T. L., & Crow, S. J. (2002) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.10017 · Cited by 40
“The correlation between report by a psychiatrically ill patient and informant for overall adjustment was .74 ( Weissman, Prusoff, Thompson, Harding, & Meyers, 1978 ).”
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“…and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; Kay et al., 1987); social functioning was assessed with the Social Adjustment Scale – Self-Report (SAS-SR; Weissman et al., 1978) and the Global Functioning: Social scale (GF:S; Auther et al., 2006); positive and negative mood were assessed using the…”
What Should Become of Depressive Personality Disorder in DSM-V?
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The Relationship Between Social Dysfunctioning and Psychopathology among Primary Care Attenders
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“In one study, mean SAS-SR total score (SD) in a community sample was 1.60 (0.33) (Weissman et al., 1978).”
InfluentialInterpersonal Problem Areas and Onset of Panic Disorder
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“), we cannot know to what extent the opportunity to preview the questionnaires may have biased the sample in favor of those with more life events.All subjects were undergoing treatment, in some cases combined (drugs, psychotherapy, self-help group). Despite being in treatment, all of the subjects were seriously ill, w…”
ResultMurdoch, M., Hodges, J., Cowper, D. C., & Sayer, N. A. (2005) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-200502000-00004 · Cited by 36
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The effects on children of depressed mothers' remission and relapse over 9 months
Weissman, M. M., WICKRAMARATNE, P. J., Pilowsky, D. J., Poh, E., Hernandez, M., Batten, L. A., Flament, M. F., Stewart, J. W., & Blier, P. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171400021x · Cited by 35
“The Social Adjustment Scale – Self-Report (SAS-SR) assessed performance in work, social and leisure activities, relationships with extended family, role as a marital partner, parental role, and financial status (Weissman et al. 1978; Gameroff et al. 2012).”
MethodSelf-citationTherapeutic immediacy across long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy: An evidence-based case study.
Mayotte-Blum, J., Slavin‐Mulford, J. M., Lehmann, M. E., Pesale, F. P., Becker-Matero, N., & Hilsenroth, M. J. (2011) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026087 · Cited by 36
Divorced women: Individual differences in stressors, mediating factors, and adjustment outcome.
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Wachen, J. S., Jimenez, S., Smith, K. F., & Resick, P. A. (2014) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/a0035741 · Cited by 33
Hardy, G. E., Cahill, J., Shapiro, D. A., et al. (2001) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.69.5.841 · Cited by 35
Prediction of response of chronic depression to imipramine
Kocsis, J. H., Mason, B. J., FRANCES, A. J., et al. (1989) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(89)90008-6 · Cited by 35
Bressan, R. A., Quarantini, L. C., Andreoli, S. B., de Araújo, C. M., Breen, G. D., Guindalini, C., Hoexter, M. Q., Jackowski, A. P., Jorge, M. R., Lacerda, A. L. T., et al. (2009) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-9-30 · Cited by 35
“7) The Social Adjustment Scale (SAS) is a self-administered instrument to assess social adaptation [78,79] and it has been validated to the Brazilian social and cultural context [80];”
Mannes, Z. L., Shmulewitz, D., Livne, O., Stohl, M., & Hasin, D. S. (2021) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.14701 · Cited by 37
Gois, J., Valente, K. D. R., Vicentiis, S., Moschetta, S. P., Kuczynski, E., Fiore, L. A., & Fuentes, D. (2010) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.10.033 · Cited by 33
“Social adjustment The assessment of social adjustment was accomplished with the Social Adjustment Scale (SAS) [12,16].”
Patient Ratings of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Session Activities and Their Relation to Outcome
DeFife, J. A., Hilsenroth, M. J., & Gold, J. R. (2008) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31817cf6d0 · Cited by 35
“Weissman et al. (1978) reported the mean SASG for a community sample (n 399) to be 1.59 (SD 0.33).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Importance of Interpersonal Treatment Goals for Depressed Inpatients
Uebelacker, L. A., Battle, C. L., Friedman, M. A., Cardemil, E. V., Beevers, C. G., & Miller, I. W. (2008) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181663520 · Cited by 34
“Functioning areas included major areas of psychosocial functioning that are assessed in frequently-used measures of psychosocial functioning such as the Social Adjustment Scale – self-report (Weissman et al., 1978).”
MethodImpairment in psychosocial functioning associated with dysthymic disorder in the NESARC study
Hellerstein, D. J., Agosti, V., Bosi, M. F., & Black, S. R. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.04.013 · Cited by 33
Hecht, H., & Wïttchen, H. (1988) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/bf01788438 · Cited by 35
Family Organization and Parent Attitudes of Children With Conduct Disorder
Haddad, J. D., Barocas, R., & Hollenbeck, A. R. (1991) · Journal of Clinical Child Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2002_6 · Cited by 33
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Impaired functioning in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder — HSV-1 as a predictor
Gerber, S. I., Krienke, U. J., Biedermann, N. C., Grunze, H., Yolken, R. H., Dittmann, S., & Langosch, J. M. (2011) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.09.003 · Cited by 32
Health of the nation outcome scales for psychiatry: Are they valid?
Adams, M. (2000) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638230050009186 · Cited by 31
“This compares unfavourably with the norms given by Weissman et al. (1978) – community norms: mean 1.”
BackgroundInfluentialSandell, R., Blomberg, J., Lazar, A., Schubert, J., Carlsson, J., & Broberg, J. (1999) · Forum der Psychoanalyse · doi:10.1007/s004510050051 · Cited by 32
Supportive Telephone Intervention for Patients Receiving Chemotherapy: A Pilot Study
Alter, C. L., Fleishman, S. B., Kornblith, A. B., Holland, J. C., Biano, D., Levenson, R., Vinciguerra, V. P., & Rai, K. R. (1996) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(96)71529-3 · Cited by 32
Social Adjustment as a Criterion of Treatment Success: Just What Are We Measuring?
Platt, S. D. (1981) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.1981.11024096 · Cited by 32
Impaired executive control of emotional information in social anhedonia
Tully, L. M., Lincoln, S. H., & Hooker, C. I. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.12.023 · Cited by 32
“Self Report (Weissman et al., 1978) as a measure of social functioning.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHilbert, A., Pike, K. M., Wilfley, D. E., Fairburn, C. G., Dohm, F., & Striegel‐Moore, R. H. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.12.003 · Cited by 32
Alterman, A., Cacciola, J., Habing, B., & Lynch, K. (2007) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.1.119 · Cited by 29
Sexton, H. C. (1993) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.61.1.128 · Cited by 34
Kelly, M. M., Reilly, E. D., Ameral, V., Richter, S., & Fukuda, S. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11123482 · Cited by 29
“In addition, we explored differences in both treatment groups over time using a repeated measures ANOVA on the quality of social relationships (Q-LES-Q), levels of social support (MOS-SS), engagement in social and leisure activities (SAS-SR), and PTSD symptoms (PCL-5).”
MethodInfluentialKamenov, K., Cabello, M., Coenen, M., & Ayuso‐Mateos, J. L. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.08.035 · Cited by 30
Which Are the Most Burdensome Functioning Areas in Depression? A Cross-National Study
Kamenov, K., Caballero, F. F., Miret, M., Leonardi, M., Sainio, P., Tobiasz‐Adamczyk, B., Haro, J. M., Chatterji, S., Ayuso‐Mateos, J. L., & Cabello, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01342 · Cited by 30
Sandell, R., Carlsson, J., Schubert, J., Grant, J., Lazar, A., & Broberg, J. (2006) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503300500273110 · Cited by 30
“The following standard self-rating scales were included: The Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90; Derogatis, Lipman, Rickels, Uhlenhuth, & Covi, 1974 ), Social Adjustment Scale (SAS; Weissman & Bothwell, 1976 ; Weissman, Prusoff, Thompson, Harding, & Myers, 1978 , in a revised version to suit Swedish users in the 1990s), and…”
MethodNurius, P. S., & Macy, R. J. (2009) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260509340541 · Cited by 30
“Social relations—positive and negative—Social relations were measured using items from the Social Adjustment Scale (SAS-M) that pertained to engagement with friends and family members (Cooper, Osborn, Gath, & Feggetter, 1982; Weissman, Prusoff, Thompson, Harding, & Myers, 1978).”
MethodTherapist attitudes and patient outcomes. III. A latent class analysis of therapists
Sandell, R., Lazar, A., Grant, J., Carlsson, J., Schubert, J., & Broberg, J. (2006) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1348/147608306x105694 · Cited by 31
Metadata
- Authors
- WEISSMAN, M. M., PRUSOFF, B. A., THOMPSON, W. D., HARDING, P. S., & MYERS, J. K.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- ORCID
- WEISSMAN, MYRNA M.
- Venue
- The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
- Published
- 1978-05
- Volume
- 166
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 317-326
- ISSN
- 0022-3018 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2080018656
- Cited by
- 537
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 2.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- social adaptation, self-report scale, social functioning, psychiatric outpatients, depression, alcoholism, schizophrenia, psychometric properties, scale applicability, role impairment, community sample
- MeSH terms
- Acute Disease, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Alcoholism, Ambulatory Care, Mental Disorders, Depression, Employment, Female, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Male, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Schizophrenia, Sex Factors, Social Adjustment
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