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SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT BY SELF-REPORT IN A COMMUNITY SAMPLE AND IN PSYCHIATRIC OUTPATIENTS
Abstract
Data are presented on social functioning derived from a self-report social adjustment scale (SAS-SR) administered to 774 subjects including a community sample and three psychiatric outpatient populations: acute depressives, alcoholics, and schizophrenics. This self-report scale derives from an interview form and was developed and tested on depressed outpatients. Since its publication, it has been used in populations other than depressives including other psychiatric patients, nonpsychiatric patients, and nonpatients. The purpose of this paper is to make data available to other investigators on results of this self-report social adjustment scale in a broad range of subjects and to describe further the psychometric properties, limitations, and utility of the scale. Findings show that the scale has wide applicability in a range of subjects but that certain cautions should be followed in using it with chronically impaired psychiatric populations who may not be involved in the major roles assessed by the scale.
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“The SAS-SR is sensitive to change and has good convergent and discriminant validity.”
From A Randomized Pilot Study of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Improve Social Support for Veterans with PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“The SAS-SR is sensitive to change and has good convergent and discriminant validity.”
From A Randomized Pilot Study of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Improve Social Support for Veterans with PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [44]
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“(Weissman et al., 1978).”
MethodEfficacy of Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Postpartum Depression
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Mintz, J. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820100005001 · Cited by 561
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“…(mean test–retest reliability r .80), convergent validity with clinician and collateral ratings (mean r .72), discriminant validity, and treatment sensitivity (Edwards, Yarvis, Mueller, Zingale, & Wagman, 1978; Weissman & Bothwell, 1976; Weissman, Prusoff, Thompson, Harding, & Myers, 1978).”
The economic burden of depression and the cost-effectiveness of treatment
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InfluentialQuality of life: expanding the scope of clinical significance.
Gladis, M., Gosch, E. A., Dishuk, N. M., & Crits-Christoph, P. (1999) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.67.3.320 · Cited by 342
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Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapies for common mental disorders
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“functioning (Weissman et al., 1978); lower scores indicate better social functioning.”
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“Social Adjustment Scale—Self-Report—The SAS-SR is a 54-item reliable, valid, and widely used self-report measure of current social functioning in 6 domains: work, social and leisure, extended family, primary relationship, parental, and family unit [16].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGender similarities and differences in 200 individuals with body dysmorphic disorder
Phillips, K. A., Menard, W., & Fay, C. (2006) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2005.07.002 · Cited by 242
“than published community norms [28].”
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Symptomatic Improvement of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder With Sertraline Treatment
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Trivedi, M. H., Greer, T. L., Church, T. S., Carmody, T. J., Grannemann, B. D., Galper, D. I., Dunn, A. L., Earnest, C. P., Sunderajan, P., Henley, S. S., et al. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.10m06743 · Cited by 249
The Range of Impaired Functioning Tool (LIFE–RIFT): a brief measure of functional impairment
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“For instance, the Social Adjustment Scale (SAS), which has both clinician (Weissman & Bothwell, 1976) and self-rated (Weissman et al. 1978) versions, has over 50 items.”
BackgroundMethodHirschfeld, R. M. A., Dunner, D. L., Keitner, G., Klein, D. N., Koran, L. M., Kornstein, S. G., Markowitz, J. C., Miller, I., Nemeroff, C. B., Ninan, P. T., et al. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01291-4 · Cited by 231
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“Social adjustment scores demonstrated greater dysfunction than an average communitydwelling sample, but not to the degree reported in Weissman’s initial normative study of acutely depressed individuals (Weissman et al., 1978).”
ResultRuffolo, J. S., Phillips, K. A., Menard, W. E., Fay, C., & Weisberg, R. B. (2005) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20219 · Cited by 235
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Weissman, M. M. (1981) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1981.01780360066006 · Cited by 224
Self-citationJönsson, B., & Bebbington, P. (1994) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.164.5.665 · Cited by 222
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Defining and Measuring Functional Recovery from Depression
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Kamenov, K., Twomey, C. D., Cabello, M., Prina, M. A., & Ayuso‐Mateos, J. L. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716002774 · Cited by 244
“In terms of instruments for measuring functioning, the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS; Sheehan, 1983) and Social Adjustment Scale (SAS; Weissman et al. 1978) were the most commonly used ones, and for QoL – the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (Q-LES-Q; Endicott et al.”
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“Several IPT studies have examined a related construct, social adjustment, mostly using the Social Adjustment Scale (SAS; Weissman et al., 1978).”
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“The SAS has successfully measured social functioning in community samples and among persons with schizophrenia, those who have alcoholism, and those who are depressed (44).”
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“The SAS-SR has demonstrated reliability and validity, and has been used successfully with different clinical populations ( Weissman, Prusoff, Thompson, Harding, & Myers, 1978 ).”
MethodGlynn, S. M., Eth, S., Randolph, E. T., Foy, D. W., Urbaitis, M., Boxer, L., Paz, G. G., Leong, G. B., Firman, G., Salk, J. D., et al. (1999) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.67.2.243 · Cited by 198
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Self-citationCoping with an Abusive Relationship: I. How and Why Do Women Stay?
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QUALITY OF LIFE IN OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER
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Philipps, L. H. C., & O’Hara, M. W. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.100.2.151 · Cited by 194
Dropouts versus completers among chronically depressed outpatients
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Haglund, M., Rot, M. A. H., Cooper, N. S., Nestadt, P. S., Müller, D. C., Southwick, S. M., & Charney, D. S. (2009) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0b013e31819381b1 · Cited by 181
Imipramine Treatment for Chronic Depression
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Relationship of social phobia with other psychiatric illness
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“Each area covers four expressive and instrumental categories: performance at expected tasks; the amount of friction with people; finer aspects of interpersonal relations; and feelings of satisfaction (Weissman et al., 1978; Toupin et al., 1993).”
BackgroundFamily Management in the Prevention of Morbidity of Schizophrenia: The Adjustment of the Family Unit
Falloon, I. R. H., & Pederson, J. (1985) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.147.2.156 · Cited by 163
“Social adjustment scale: The self-report version of the social adjustment scale, (SAS-SR) (Weissman et al, 1978) was completed by family members at baseline and nine months.”
MethodWeight concerns in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder
Kittler, J. E., Menard, W. E., & Phillips, K. A. (2006) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2006.02.006 · Cited by 160
Guha‐Thakurta, N., Damek, D., Pollack, C. E., & Hochberg, F. H. (1999) · Journal of Neuro-Oncology · doi:10.1023/a:1006210703827 · Cited by 158
“Normative data were obtained from a ‘community sample’ ( N = 399) of people [37].”
Corcoran, C. M., Kimhy, D., Parrilla-Escobar, M. A., Cressman, V. L., Stanford, A. D., Thompson, J. L., Ben‐David, S., Crumbley, A. H., Schobel, S., Moore, H. M., et al. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291710000802 · Cited by 156
“The SAS-SR (Weissman & Bothwell, 1976) has been used in both community and clinical samples, and yields results similar to those obtained by the interview format of the SAS both in individuals with depression (Weissman et al. 1978) and those with schizophrenia (McCreadie & Barron, 1984).”
MethodDepression and Academic Impairment in College Students
Heiligenstein, E. L., Guenther, G., Hsu, K., & Herman, K. (1996) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.1996.9936863 · Cited by 154
Understanding persistence in bulimia nervosa: A 5-year naturalistic study.
Fairburn, C. G., Stice, E. M., Cooper, Z., Doll, H., Norman, P. A., & O'Connor, M. E. (2003) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.71.1.103 · Cited by 159
Recurrent Depression in Adolescents: A Follow-up Study
Garber, J., KRISS, M. R., Koch, M., & Lindholm, L. (1988) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-198801000-00008 · Cited by 151
Caregiver Burden During the Year Following Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Marsh, N. V., Kersel, D. A., Havill, J. H., & Sleigh, J. W. (2002) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/jcen.24.4.434.1030 · Cited by 153
Theory of mind, neurocognition, and functional status in schizotypy
Jahshan, C. S., & Sergi, M. J. (2006) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.09.004 · Cited by 154
“Self Report (SAS–SR; Weissman et al., 1978) Social functioning This self-report scale assesses several areas of functioning with questions measuring instrumental and expressive role performance over the past 2 weeks.”
Three months after severe head injury: psychiatric and social impact on relatives.
Livingston, M. G., Brooks, D. N., & Bond, M. (1985) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.48.9.870 · Cited by 153
Delusional versus nondelusional body dysmorphic disorder: Clinical features and course of illness
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“Table I reports the means and standard deviations for the three adjustment measures at Tl and T2. Scores on the SAS-SR at Tl indicated poorer social adjustment in this sample than in a community sample reported by Weissman et al. (1978) , but comparable to the scores reported for a sample of schizophrenic s by the sam…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialNguyễn, N. T., Fakra, É., Pradel, V., Jouve, É., Alquier, C., Guern, M. L., Micallef, J., & Blin, O. (2006) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.757 · Cited by 153
“The level of social adjustment assessed by SAS-SR scale did not reach at one month of treatment the values previously found in a community sample (Weissman et al., 1978), but was better than on inclusion.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialShort-term psychodynamic psychotherapies for common mental disorders
Abbass, A. A., Hancock, J. T., Henderson, J., & Kisely, S. R. (2006) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004687.pub3 · Cited by 140
Social adjustment in victims of sexual assault.
Resick, P. A., Calhoun, K. S., Atkeson, B. M., & Ellis, E. M. (1981) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.49.5.705 · Cited by 142
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Effectiveness of psychotherapy and combination treatment for chronic depression
Arnow, B. A., & Constantino, M. J. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.10181 · Cited by 132
Seeking Safety Plus Exposure Therapy: An Outcome Study on Dual Diagnosis Men
Najavits, L. M., Schmitz, M., Gotthardt, S., & Weiss, R. D. (2005) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2005.10399816 · Cited by 131
Social adjustment in dysthymia, double depression and episodic major depression
Leader, J. B., & Klein, D. N. (1996) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(95)00076-3 · Cited by 127
A Comparison of Three Scales for Assessing Social Functioning in Primary Care
Weissman, M. M., Olfson, M., Gameroff, M. J., Feder, A., & Fuentes, M. A. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.3.460 · Cited by 130
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Body dysmorphic disorder and social phobia: cross-sectional and prospective data
Coles, M. E., Phillips, K. A., Menard, W. E., Pagano, M. E., Fay, C., Weisberg, R. B., & Stout, R. L. (2005) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20132 · Cited by 133
“Indeed, SAS scores for BDD subjects with and without SP were markedly impaired, falling over two standard deviations above (more impaired) means for a community sample [Weissman et al., 1978].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSocial functioning in schizophrenic patients
Barrowclough, C., & Tarrier, N. (1990) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/bf00782739 · Cited by 132
“Falloon et al. (1984) examined a number of measures of social functioning such as: clinical reports of patient's work, study, and leisure activities; patient's self-report of work, leisure, interpersonal and family functioning on a standardised questionnaire (SAS, Weissman et al. 1978 ); and the report of a family inf…”
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“We hypothesized that neural activity for ToM would be related to our measures of social behavior, including trait perspective-taking/ empathy (IRI), social cognition (MSCEIT-ME), and social functioning (SAS, GFS).”
BackgroundInfluentialRate and prediction of relapse in bulimia nervosa
Olmsted, M. P., Kaplan, A. S., & Rockert, W. (1994) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.151.5.738 · Cited by 123
Validity of Sudden Gains in Acute Phase Treatment of Depression.
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Long-term outcome of cognitive behaviour therapy clinical trials in central Scotland
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“Social adjustment scores for relatives when compared with the self-assessment of a normal community sample (Weissman et al, 1978) (Table I) were higher in all roles except marital and parental functioning.”
BackgroundSubstance Use Disorders in Individuals With Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Grant, J. E., Menard, W. E., Pagano, M. E., Fay, C., & Phillips, K. A. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v66n0306 · Cited by 122
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Zuckerman, D. M. (1989) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf00288001 · Cited by 119
The Syndrome of Bulimia: Review and Synthesis
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Metadata
- Authors
- WEISSMAN, M. M., PRUSOFF, B. A., THOMPSON, W. D., HARDING, P. S., & MYERS, J. K.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- ORCID
- WEISSMAN, MYRNA M.
- Venue
- The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
- Published
- 1978-05
- Volume
- 166
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 317-326
- ISSN
- 0022-3018 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2080018656
- Cited by
- 537
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 2.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- social adaptation, self-report scale, social functioning, psychiatric outpatients, depression, alcoholism, schizophrenia, psychometric properties, scale applicability, role impairment, community sample
- MeSH terms
- Acute Disease, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Alcoholism, Ambulatory Care, Mental Disorders, Depression, Employment, Female, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Male, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Schizophrenia, Sex Factors, Social Adjustment
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