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SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT BY SELF-REPORT IN A COMMUNITY SAMPLE AND IN PSYCHIATRIC OUTPATIENTS
Abstract
Data are presented on social functioning derived from a self-report social adjustment scale (SAS-SR) administered to 774 subjects including a community sample and three psychiatric outpatient populations: acute depressives, alcoholics, and schizophrenics. This self-report scale derives from an interview form and was developed and tested on depressed outpatients. Since its publication, it has been used in populations other than depressives including other psychiatric patients, nonpsychiatric patients, and nonpatients. The purpose of this paper is to make data available to other investigators on results of this self-report social adjustment scale in a broad range of subjects and to describe further the psychometric properties, limitations, and utility of the scale. Findings show that the scale has wide applicability in a range of subjects but that certain cautions should be followed in using it with chronically impaired psychiatric populations who may not be involved in the major roles assessed by the scale.
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“The SAS-SR is sensitive to change and has good convergent and discriminant validity.”
From A Randomized Pilot Study of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Improve Social Support for Veterans with PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“The SAS-SR is sensitive to change and has good convergent and discriminant validity.”
From A Randomized Pilot Study of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Improve Social Support for Veterans with PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [44]
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Depression and social functioning in general hospital in-patients
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“This study focuses on the following questions: [1] Is there a difference in social functioning between depressive general hospital patients and those without a psychiatric disorder? [2] Is there a difference between diagnostic subgroups of depression with respect to social functioning? [3] Does it make a difference wi…”
BackgroundAcute response of social functioning in dysthymic patients with desipramine
Friedman, R. C. (1995) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(95)00003-6 · Cited by 28
Bulimia: The Emergence of a Syndrome
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What are we missing? The costs versus benefits of skip rule designs
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“@The SAS is a 54-item client self-report instrument measuring functioning over the past 2 weeks in six domains: work/school, social/leisure, relationship with extended family, marital relationship, parenting role, and functioning in the family unit (as relevant to the respondent).”
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“The Social Adjustment Scale-Self Report (SAS-SR; [9]) is a 54item reliable, valid, and widely used self-report measure of current social functioning in the following domains: Primary Relationship (living with a partner), Work (work for pay, school, or housework), Social and Leisure (dating, recreation), Extended Famil…”
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Hudson, C. R., Kirby, K. C., Firely, M. L., Festinger, D. S., & Marlowe, D. B. (2002) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/s0740-5472(02)00245-3 · Cited by 27
“Social adjustment of family members compared to that of community samples The female community samples (Weissman et al., 1978; Rorty et al., 1999) were imperfect matches with each other and with our sample in terms of the times and places of their collection.”
ResultWeil, M. P., Katz, M. B., & Hilsenroth, M. J. (2017) · Psychodynamic Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/pdps.2017.45.1.23 · Cited by 26
Mentalizing in Interpersonal Psychotherapy
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“The Social Adjustment Scale (29) measures social outcomes; interpersonal circumplex instruments (e.g., Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (30) assesses general interpersonal patterns; other scales measure perceived social support (31).”
BackgroundReliability and Validity of the Modified Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory in Diverse Samples
Leidy, N. K., & Darling‐Fisher, C. S. (1995) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/019394599501700205 · Cited by 25
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Six months of desipramine for dysthymia: can dysthymic patients achieve normal social functioning?
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“Social Adjustment Scale-Self Report (SAS-SR [ 53 ]): The SAS-SR is a 54-item, self-report measure of instrumental and expressive role performance.”
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“The Social Adjustment Scale SAS-R [23], [24] is a 54-item self-report instrument investigating 6 social role areas.”
MethodRapid cycling mood disorder: Clinical and demographic features
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“The SAS has evidence of good reliability and validity [35,36] and has been used in psychotic mood disorder samples [37].”
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“The SAS has been shown to have high concurrent validity,(41) internal consistency,(41,42) and test-retest reliability in prior research.(41,42)”
BackgroundCultural expectations of thinness in women: An update
Wiseman, C. V., Gray, J. J., Mosimann, J. E., & Ahrens, A. H. (1992) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(199201)11:1 · Cited by 719
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“…d The Mastery Scale (Pearlin and Schooler, 1978, 1981) (α 0.49 and 0.73, respectively)purpose of the HBSC is to document the behaviours of children so as to inform health promotion d The Social Adjustment Questionnaire (Weissman et al., 1971,1978), which has sixstrategists in the various countries.”
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Oppositional Defiant Disorder in Adults With ADHD
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“When scores obtained from this study are compared with those from schizophrenics, acute depressives and alcoholics (Weissman et al. 1978), they are on the higher side.”
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10-year course of social adjustment in major depression
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“The SAS-SR is a 42-item self-report questionnaire that measures affective or instrumental performance over the previous two weeks in seven major areas of social functioning: work (as a worker, housewife or student); social and leisure activities; relationship with extended family; marital role as a spouse; parental ro…”
BackgroundGiosan, C., Cobeanu, O., Mogoaşe, C., Muresan, V., Malta, L. S., Wyka, K., & Szentágotai, A. (2014) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-15-83 · Cited by 20
“The Social Adjustment Scale (SAS) [42-44] is a self-report measure of social functioning used in both research and clinical practice.”
MethodExpressed emotion and social function
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Life Stress and Social Supports in Depressed Inpatients
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Chandraiah, S., Levenson, J. L., & Collins, J. B. (1991) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.2190/a4jm-pgr9-35ph-4wcw · Cited by 19
“Table 3 compares our group’s SAS scores with the comparison groups of the standard female community sample who was 90 percent white/lO percent black and 2 25 years old, and the standard female depressives who were 88 percent white/l2 percent black and eighteen to sixty-four years old [13].”
MethodSinnaeve, R., van den Bosch, L. M. C., & van Steenbergen-Weijenburg, K. M. (2015) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.1296 · Cited by 21
Factors related to quality of life in depressive outpatients in Taiwan
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“Also, women with major depressive disorder were found to have more impairment in familial, marital, and occupational and leisure activities.(10) A number of studies demonstrate that mental illness has a significant negative effect on the QoL,(11) especially on the QoL of people with depression.”
BackgroundAssertive behavior, self-expectations, and self-evaluations in mildly depressed university women
Barbaree, H. E., & Davis, R. (1984) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01173041 · Cited by 17
“Depressed individuals are relatively dissatisfied with their own social adjustment in many important interpersonal relationships (e.g., Weissman, Prusoff, Thompson, Harding, & Myers, 1978 ), and they evaluate their own social competence in a negative way (Funabiki & Calhoun, 1979; Lunghi, 1977).”
BackgroundCoping Within Couples: Adjustment Two Years after Forced Geographic Relocation
Wamboldt, F. S., Steinglass, P., & De‐Nour, A. K. (1991) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.1991.00347.x · Cited by 17
QUANTITATIVE MEASURES OF CONSTRUING IN CHILD ABUSE SURVIVORS
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Assessing Health-Related Quality of Life Outcomes of Drug Treatments for Psychiatric Disorders
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Michon, C., Gargiulo, M., Hahn‐Barma, V., Petit, F. M., Nadaj‐Pakleza, A., Herson, A., Eymard, B., Labrune, P., & Laforêt, P. (2014) · Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease · doi:10.1007/s10545-014-9789-1 · Cited by 17
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Ghitza, U. E., Epstein, D., & Preston, K. (2007) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.05.018 · Cited by 15
“The SAS-SR has been shown to have good test-retest reliability; its validity has been supported by robust intercorrelations among ratings by participants and interviewers, and it has been used in a wide variety of research and clinical contexts (Brodaty et al., 1991; Garber et al., 1988; Goldman et al., 1992; Kosten e…”
BackgroundMethodChronic schizophrenics in the community: Are they able to report their social adjustment?
Glazer, W. M., Sholomskas, D. E., Williams, D., & Weissman, M. M. (1982) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1982.tb02677.x · Cited by 16
Self-citationSex bias in the diagnosis of personality disorders: A different approach
Funtowicz, M. N., & Widiger, T. A. (1995) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/bf02229015 · Cited by 15
“Self Report (SAS-SR) is a 54-item inventory developed by Weissman, Prusoff, Thompson, Harding, and Myers (1978) to assess a subject's role performance over the past two weeks in major areas of functioning, including work outside the home (e.g., as employee), work at the home (e.g., cleaning), work at school, relations…”
MethodPredictors of Response to Desipramine in Dysthymia
Friedman, R. A., Parides, M. K., Baff, R., et al. (1995) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004714-199508000-00007 · Cited by 16
Coping with the Loss of Father
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Self-Efficacy and Social Adjustment of Patients With Mood Disorder
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“This analysis focuses on data from the Self-Efficacy Scale and the Social Adjustment Scale–Self-Report.”
MethodInfluentialAttentional control mediates the relationship between social anhedonia and social impairment
Tully, L. M., Lincoln, S. H., & Hooker, C. I. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01384 · Cited by 15
“We assessed SA using the Revised Social Anhedonia Scale (RSAS; Eckblad et al., 1982), attentional control using the Attentional Control Scale (ACS; Derryberry and Reed, 2002), and social impairment using the Social Adjustment Scale-Self-report (SAS-SR; Weissman et al., 1978).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSocial adjustment in depressed patients treated with venlafaxine and amitriptyline
Gorenstein, C., Andrade, L. H., Moreno, R. A., & Artes, R. (2002) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004850-200207000-00003 · Cited by 16
“This kind of impairment seems to be independent of the cultural setting, as the scores of social adjustment in this Brazilian sample are similar to those observed in depressed patients from other countries (Weissman et al., 1978; Stewart et al., 1988).”
ResultBoyer, P., Mahé, V., & Hackett, D. (2004) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2004.05.010 · Cited by 15
“At entry, the mean and S.D. of the overall mean SAS-SR score in our sample of patients were 2.2 ± 0.2.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWiederholte Langzeitkatamnesen von Langzeit- Psychotherapien und Psychoanalysen
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The Psychology of Bulimia Nervosa: A Cognitive Perspective
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Adult Attachment, Social Adjustment, and Well-Being in Drug-Addicted Inpatients
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“The Social and Leisure subscale of the SAS was our primary interest, as it specifically assesses the social aspects of day-to-day functioning, including social motivation and social activities.”
InfluentialBehavioral treatment of unipolar depression.
Lewinsohn, P., Gotlib, I., & Hautzinger, M. (1998) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008043433-9/50017-1 · Cited by 9
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"Moonies" get married: a psychiatric follow-up study of a charismatic religious sect
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Borderline Personality Disorder
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Everyday Lives of Middle-Aged Persons with Multimorbidity: A Mixed Methods Systematic Review
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“Bell et al [25] measured the social adjustment of persons with dysthymia and comorbidities using the Social Adjustment Scale [75].”
MethodSocial Adjustment of Women With and Without a Substance-Abusing Partner
Hudson, C. R., Kirby, K. C., Clements, N. T., Benishek, L. A., & Nick, C. E. (2014) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2014.880536 · Cited by 12
“One limitation of this study, however, was its use of previously published data as the source of the comparison groups: data derived from a community mental health catchment area (Weissman et al. 1978) and data from a study of women with bulimia nervosa (Rorty et al.”
MethodPendse, B., Öjehagen, A., Engström, G., & Träskman‐Bendz, L. (2003) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0924-9338(02)00007-x · Cited by 12
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“At baseline, social functioning, measured by the Social Adjustment Scale (SAS), (Weissman and Bothwell, 1976; Weissman et al., 1978) averaged 2.47+0.49, approximately 2 SD above community norms (1.59+0.33) (Weissman et al., 1978), with higher scores indicating worse functioning.”
MethodInfluentialBodell, L. P., Brown, T. A., & Keel, P. K. (2011) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.1139 · Cited by 12
Cued Panic Attacks in Body Dysmorphic Disorder
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Assessing Patients' Perception of Self-Care Agency in Psychiatric Care
Cutler, C. G. (2003) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840305300 · Cited by 12
Davey, C. G., Chanen, A. M., Cotton, S., Hetrick, S. E., Kerr, M., Berk, M., Dean, O. M., Yuen, K., Phelan, M., Ratheesh, A., et al. (2014) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-15-425 · Cited by 12
“The functioning and QoL outcome measures we will use are the Social and Occupational Functioning Scale [50], the Social Adjustment Scale–Self-Report [51] and the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire–Short Form [52].”
Cuellar, R. E., Tarter, R. E., Hays, A. L., et al. (1987) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.1840070514 · Cited by 12
Riddle, D. B., Guzick, A. G., Minhajuddin, A., Smárason, O., Armstrong, G. M., Slater, H., Mayes, T. L., Goodman, L. C., Baughn, D. L., Martin, S. L., et al. (2023) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2023.100820 · Cited by 12
An Attempt to Predict who Will Benefit from Brief Psychotherapy in a General Practice Setting
Brodaty, H., Andrews, G., & Grant, W. B. (1982) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/00048678209159472 · Cited by 11
Psychopathologie et insertion sociale des migrants polonais en France
Devarenne-Megas, H. (2003) · Revue européenne de migrations internationales · doi:10.4000/remi.373 · Cited by 11
Jarrett, R. B., Minhajuddin, A., Vittengl, J. R., Clark, L. A., & Thase, M. E. (2015) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000069 · Cited by 11
Pine, A. E., Shank, L. M., Burke, N. L., Neyland, M. K. H., Schvey, N. A., Quattlebaum, M. J., Leu, W., Wilfley, D. E., Stephens, M. B., Jorgensen, S., et al. (2020) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.20190034 · Cited by 11
Deng, W., Grove, T. B., & Deldin, P. J. (2020) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000507869 · Cited by 11
Potential impact of trauma on the ability to prevent depression among low-income mothers
Silverstein, M., Feinberg, E., Cabral, H., Díaz‐Linhart, Y., Sandler, J. P., Hegel, M. T., Appugliese, D. P., & Beardslee, W. R. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20817 · Cited by 11
“[17] We assessed perceived stress using the Perceived Stress Scale,[18] social functioning using the self-report Social Adjustment Scale,[19] and history of trauma and posttraumatic stress symptoms using the Modified PTSD Symptom Scale.”
MethodPsychological effects of nicardipine and propranolol on hypertensive patients
Callender, J. S., Medley, I., & Robertson, J. I. S. (1986) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1986.tb00331.x · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- WEISSMAN, M. M., PRUSOFF, B. A., THOMPSON, W. D., HARDING, P. S., & MYERS, J. K.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- ORCID
- WEISSMAN, MYRNA M.
- Venue
- The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
- Published
- 1978-05
- Volume
- 166
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 317-326
- ISSN
- 0022-3018 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2080018656
- Cited by
- 537
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 2.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- social adaptation, self-report scale, social functioning, psychiatric outpatients, depression, alcoholism, schizophrenia, psychometric properties, scale applicability, role impairment, community sample
- MeSH terms
- Acute Disease, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Alcoholism, Ambulatory Care, Mental Disorders, Depression, Employment, Female, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Male, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Schizophrenia, Sex Factors, Social Adjustment
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