Changes in Plasma Norepinephrine to Combat-Related Stimuli among Vietnam Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

BLANCHARD, EDWARD B.; KOLB, LAWRENCE C.; PRINS, ANNABEL; GATES, SHERMAN; McCOY, GUY C.

doi:10.1097/00005053-199106000-00012

Cited by 152Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchStress Responses and CortisolTraumatic Brain Injury Research

Changes in Plasma Norepinephrine to Combat-Related Stimuli among Vietnam Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

BLANCHARD, EDWARD B., KOLB, LAWRENCE C., PRINS, ANNABEL, GATES, SHERMAN, McCOY, GUY C.·1991·The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease

DOI 10.1097/00005053-199106000-00012

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Plasma norepinephrine samples were obtained before and after exposure to auditory stimuli reminiscent of combat from two groups of male Vietnam veterans with combat experience: one with diagnoses of PTSD (N = 15) and one with no mental disorder (N = 6). Results showed a significant 30% rise in plasma norepinephrine for the PTSD group, with no change in the comparison group.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1097/00005053-199106000-00012

Cites

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Peripheral and central concentrations of norepinephrine are augmented in individuals with PTSD following exposure to threatening stimuli.
“and following exposure to threatening stimuli (Blanchard et al, 1991;Geracioti et al, 2008).”
From Inflammation in Fear- and Anxiety-Based Disorders: PTSD, GAD, and Beyond (2017) · cites this paper as Blanchard et al, 1991

Sorted by citations

Biological studies of post-traumatic stress disorder
Pitman, R. K., Rasmusson, A. M., Koenen, K. C., Shin, L. M., Orr, S. P., Gilbertson, M. W., Milad, M. R., & Liberzon, I. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3339 · Cited by 1,529 · see citing works
Inflammation in Fear- and Anxiety-Based Disorders: PTSD, GAD, and Beyond
Michopoulos, V., Powers, A., Gillespie, C. F., Ressler, K. J., & Jovanovic, T. (2017) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2016.146 · Cited by 786 · see citing works
“Peripheral and central concentrations of norepinephrine are augmented in individuals with PTSD at baseline (Delahanty et al, 2005; Geracioti et al, 2001; Southwick et al, 1999) and following exposure to threatening stimuli (Blanchard et al, 1991; Geracioti et al, 2008).”
Background
Role of norepinephrine in the pathophysiology and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder
Southwick, S. M., Bremner, J. D., Rasmusson, A., Morgan, C. A., Arnsten, A., & Charney, D. S. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00219-x · Cited by 573 · see citing works
Are the neural substrates of memory the final common pathway in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
Elzinga, B. (2002) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(01)00351-2 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
“Furthermore, plasma noradrenaline was enhanced in veterans with PTSD after exposure to auditory stimuli reminiscent of combat (McFall et al., 1990; Blanchard et al., 1991).”
Background
CSF Norepinephrine Concentrations in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Geracioti, T. D., Baker, D. G., Ekhator, N. N., West, S. A., Hill, K. K., Bruce, A. B., Schmidt, D., Rounds-Kugler, B., Yehuda, R., Keck, P. E., et al. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.8.1227 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Autonomic dysregulation in panic disorder and in post-traumatic stress disorder: application of power spectrum analysis of heart rate variability at rest and in response to recollection of trauma or panic attacks
Cohen, H., Benjamin, J., Geva, A. B., Matar, M. A., Kaplan, Z., & Kotler, M. (2000) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(00)00195-5 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Elevated serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-6 receptor concentrations in posttraumatic stress disorder following accidental man-made traumatic events
Maes, M., Lin, A.-H., Delmeire, L., Van Gastel, A., Kenis, G., De Jongh, R., & Bosmans, E. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00131-0 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
“…that PTSD is associated with i) increased central catecholaminergic or peripheral sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity (Kosten et al 1987; Blanchard et al 1991; Hammer and Diamond 1993; Southwick et al 1993; Grillon et al 1996); ii) neuroendocrine disorders, such as an enhanced negative…”
Background
Psychophysiologic assessment of aversive conditioning in posttraumatic stress disorder
Peri, T., Ben‐Shakhar, G., Orr, S. P., & Shalev, A. Y. (2000) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00144-4 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Resilience: research evidence and conceptual considerations for posttraumatic stress disorder
Hoge, E. A., Austin, E. D., & Pollack, M. H. (2006) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20175 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
“Other groups reported an increased release of catecholamines in PTSD subjects after exposure to combat-related stimuli, such as films or evocative sounds [Blanchard et al., 1991; Liberzon et al., 1999; McFall et al., 1990].”
Background
Noradrenergic and Serotonergic Function in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Southwick, S. M. (1997) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830200083012 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Trauma and substance abuse: Causes, consequences, and treatment of comorbid disorders.
(2003) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10460-000 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Noradrenergic dysfunction and the psychopharmacology of posttraumatic stress disorder
Strawn, J. R., & Geracioti, T. D. (2007) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20292 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
“Plasma norepinephrine concentrations (or levels of MHPG) are most often within normal limits or even reduced at baseline in patients with PTSD [Blanchard et al., 1991; Jensen et al., 1997; Liberzon et al., 1999a, b; McFall et al., 1992; Murburg et al., 1995; Pitmann and Orr, 1990; Southwick et al., 1993; Yehuda et al.…”
BackgroundInfluential
Positron Emission Tomography Measurement of Cerebral Metabolic Correlates of Yohimbine Administration in Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Bremner, J. D. (1997) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830150070011 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Neuroanatomical circuits modulating fear and anxiety behaviors
Charney, D. S. (2003) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.108.s417.3.x · Cited by 291 · see citing works
“combat films or sounds) produces greater increases in plasma, epinephrine, NE and cortisol in PTSD patients than controls (93, 95, 96), although baseline concentrations of catecholamines are not consistently altered in combat-related PTSD (90, 91).”
Background
Neuroendocrine and Psychophysiologic Responses in PTSD: A Symptom Provocation Study
Liberzon, I. (1999) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(98)00128-6 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
“Prior studies found similar elevations in one or the other, but not both, of these hormones (Blanchard et al. 1991b; McFall et al. 1990).”
BackgroundResult
A Meta-Analytic Examination of Basal Cardiovascular Activity in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Buckley, T. C., & Kaloupek, D. G. (2001) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200107000-00011 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
“It is likely that these cardiovascular responses to trauma cues are mediated by the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system, because individuals diagnosed with PTSD show elevated catecholamine levels, relative to comparison subjects without PTSD, after exposure to stressors (15, 16).”
Background
Chapter 23 Role of the locus coeruleus in emotional activation
Aston‐Jones, G., Rajkowski, J., Kubiak, P., Valentino, R. J., & Shipley, M. T. (1996) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61877-4 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Low baseline and yohimbine-stimulated plasma neuropeptide Y (NPY) levels in combat-related PTSD
Rasmusson, A. M., Hauger, R. L., Morgan, C. A., Bremner, J. D., Charney, D. S., & Southwick, S. M. (2000) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00185-7 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Noradrenergic mechanisms in stress and anxiety: I. preclinical studies
Bremner, J., Krystal, J., Southwick, S., & Charney, D. (1996) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2396(199605)23:1 · Cited by 571 · see citing works
Analysis of heart rate variability in posttraumatic stress disorder patients in response to a trauma-related reminder
Cohen, H., Kotler, M., Matar, M. A., Kaplan, Z., Loewenthal, U., Miodownik, H., & Cassuto, Y. (1998) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(97)00475-7 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
PTSD and stress sensitisation: A tale of brain and body
Stam, R. (2007) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.11.010 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Abnormal stimulus processing in posttraumatic stress disorder.
McFarlane, A. C., Lee Weber, D., & Clark, C. R. (1993) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(93)90088-u · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Circuits and systems in stress. II. Applications to neurobiology and treatment in posttraumatic stress disorder
Vermetten, E., & Bremner, J. D. (2002) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.10017 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
“Exposure to traumatic reminders in the form of combat films resulted in increased epinephrine [McFall et al., 1990] and norepinephrine [Blanchard et al., 1991] release, and increased MHPG with physical exercise [Hamner et Increased symptomatology with Bz-antagonist + Decreased Bz-receptor binding…”
Background
Diagnostic Biomarkers for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Promising Horizons from Translational Neuroscience Research
Michopoulos, V., Norrholm, S. D., & Jovanovic, T. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.01.005 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Posttraumatic stress disorder, exposure to combat, and lower plasma cortisol among Vietnam veterans: Findings and clinical implications.
Boscarino, J. A. (1996) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.64.1.191 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Relationship Among Plasma Cortisol, Catecholamines, Neuropeptide Y, and Human Performance During Exposure to Uncontrollable Stress
Morgan, C. A., Wang, S., Rasmusson, A. M., Hazlett, G. A., Anderson, G., & Charney, D. S. (2001) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200105000-00010 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
“In the group of subjects tested at baseline and immediately after interrogation stress, a repeated-measures ANOVA of the NE values revealed significant within-subject effects for time (F(1,17) 5 150.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Noradrenergic Mechanisms in the Pathophysiology of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
O'Donnell, T., Hegadoren, K., & Coupland, N. (2004) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000080952 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Acute episodes of predator exposure in conjunction with chronic social instability as an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder
Zoladz, P. R., Conrad, C. D., Fleshner, M., & Diamond, D. M. (2008) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890701768613 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
“…significantly greater increases in heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), skin conductance, epinephrine and norepinephrine than do control subjects (Blanchard et al. 1982, 1991; Casada et al. 1998; Kolb and Mutalipassi 1992; Malloy et al. 1983; McFall et al. 1990; Orr et al. 1998; Pitman et al.…”
Vagal modulation of responses to mental challenge in posttraumatic stress disorder
Sahar, T., Shalev, A. Y., & Porges, S. W. (2001) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(00)01045-3 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
“…monitored during rest is consistent with previous reports suggesting that PTSD is primarily associated with increased phasic response to challenge, and mainly with responses to trauma-related cues or to sudden loud tones (e.g., Blanchard et al 1991; McFall et al 1990, 1992; Murburg et al 1995).”
Result
Cardiovascular manifestations of posttraumatic stress disorder.
(2007) · PubMed Central · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Noradrenergic dysregulation in the pathophysiology of PTSD
Hendrickson, R. C., & Raskind, M. A. (2016) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.05.014 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
“…have found higher levels both at baseline (Israel Liberzon et al. 1999) and in response to trauma-related cues in those with PTSD as compared to traumaexposed individuals without PTSD (Blanchard et al. 1991; Israel Liberzon et al. 1999) (see also study by Southwick and colleagues, described below).”
Myocardial infarction and post-traumatic stress disorder: frequency, outcome, and atherosclerotic mechanisms
Gander, M., & von Känel, R. (2006) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/01.hjr.0000214606.60995.46 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Posttraumatic stress disorder: A metabolic disorder in disguise?
Michopoulos, V., Vester, A., & Neigh, G. (2016) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.05.038 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY OF POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
Yehuda, R. (1998) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(05)70010-1 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Delayed startle sensitization distinguishes rats exposed to one or three stress sessions: Further evidence toward an animal model of PTSD
Servatius, R. J., Ottenweller, J. E., & Natelson, B. H. (1995) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(94)00369-e · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Neurobiology of comorbid post‐traumatic stress disorder and alcohol‐use disorder
Gilpin, N. W., & Weiner, J. L. (2016) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12349 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
“Several studies have observed higher urinary (De Bellis et al. 1997; Kosten et al. 1987) and plasma (Blanchard et al. 1991; McFall et al. 1990; Yehuda et al. 1998) levels of epinephrine and NE in PTSD patients compared with healthy controls or even individuals with other psychiatric illnesses.”
Background
An Overview of Translationally Informed Treatments for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Animal Models of Pavlovian Fear Conditioning to Human Clinical Trials
Bowers, M. E., & Ressler, K. J. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.06.008 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Neuroendocrinology of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Pervanidou, P., & Chrousos, G. P. (2010) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(10)82005-9 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Psychobiologic Research in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Southwick, S. M., Bremner, J. D., Krystal, J. H., & Charney, D. S. (1994) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(18)30112-6 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Computer-assisted rating scales for social phobia: Reliability and validity may not be what they appear
Heimberg, R. G., Mennin, D. S., & Jack, M. S. (1999) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6394(1999)9:1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Sensory gating in chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: reduced auditory p50 suppression in combat veterans
Neylan, T. C., Fletcher, D. J., Lenoci, M., McCallin, K., Weiss, D. S., Schoenfeld, F. B., Marmar, C. R., & Fein, G. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00047-5 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Prenatal stress induces long term stress vulnerability, compromising stress response systems in the brain and impairing extinction of conditioned fear after adult stress
Green, M. K., Rani, C. S. S., Joshi, A., Soto-Piña, A. E., Martinez, P. A., Frazer, A., Strong, R., & Morilak, D. A. (2011) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.06.041 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Post‐traumatic stress disorder: a review of psychobiology and pharmacotherapy
Hageman, I., Andersen, H. S., & Jørgensen, M. B. (2001) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2001.00237.x · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“Heightened reactivity of the sympathetic nervous system, though has generally been reported in combat veterans with trauma-related symptoms (24, 25).”
Background
Increased cortisol in women with intimate partner violence-related posttraumatic stress disorder☆☆Research was conduited at the University of Pittsburgh. First author is now at the Department of Veterans Affairs, San Francisco and at the University of California, san Francisco. Portions of this data were presented at the new york Academy of Sciences Meeting; Psychobiology of Post-Traumatic stress Disorder: A Decade of this progress, New York (September 11-13, 2005). An extended abstract of this presentation is in press in the Annals of the york Academy of Sciences.
Inslicht, S. S., Marmar, C. R., Neylan, T. C., Metzler, T. J., Hart, S. L., Otte, C., McCaslin, S. E., Larkin, G. L., Hyman, K. B., & Baum, A. E. (2006) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.03.007 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Psychopharmacologic Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Children and Adolescents
Strawn, J. R., Keeshin, B. R., DelBello, M. P., Geracioti, T. D., & Putnam, F. W. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.09r05446blu · Cited by 116 · see citing works
The natural history of neuroendocrine changes in pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after motor vehicle accidents: progressive divergence of noradrenaline and cortisol concentrations over time
Pervanidou, P., Kolaitis, G., Charitaki, S., Lazaropoulou, C., Papassotiriou, I., Hindmarsh, P., Bakoula, C., Tsiantis, J., & Chrousos, G. P. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.02.008 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Power Spectral Analysis of Heart Rate Variability in Psychiatry
Cohen, H., Matar, M. A., Kaplan, Z., & Kotler, M. (1999) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000012314 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“showed that cardiovascular measures, such as spectral derivatives of HRV, change in relation to clinical recovery in the treatment of PD patients treated with either imipramine or cognitive therapy. These findings can be interpreted as indicating changes in baroreflex modulation, an important feature of the cardiovasc…”
Posttraumatic stress disorder, allostatic load, and medical illness.
Friedman, M. J., & McEwen, B. S. (2004) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10723-007 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Sympathoneural and Adrenomedullary Responses to Mental Stress
Carter, J. R., & Goldstein, D. S. (2014) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c140030 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Predicting PTSD Prospectively Based on Prior Trauma History and Immediate Biological Responses
Delahanty, D. L., & Nugent, N. R. (2006) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1364.003 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
A review on inflammatory cytokine-induced alterations of the brain as potential neural biomarkers in post-traumatic stress disorder
Kim, Y., Amidfar, M., & Won, E. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.06.008 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
The Neurobiology of Emotionally Influenced Memory Implications for Understanding Traumatic Memory
Cahill, L. F. (1997) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48283.x · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Application of Noninvasive Vagal Nerve Stimulation to Stress-Related Psychiatric Disorders
Bremner, J. D., Gurel, N. Z., Wittbrodt, M. T., Shandhi, M. M. H., Rapaport, M. H., Nye, J. A., Pearce, B. D., Vaccarino, V., Shah, A. J., Park, J., et al. (2020) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm10030119 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Measures of endothelial dysfunction in plasma of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder
von Känel, R., Hepp, U., Traber, R., Kraemer, B., Mica, L., Keel, M. J. B., Mausbach, B. T., & Schnyder, U. (2008) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.12.003 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Efficacy of 3,4 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Bahji, A., Forsyth, A., Groll, D., & Hawken, E. R. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109735 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Altered Blood Coagulation in Patients With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
von Känel, R., Hepp, U., Buddeberg, C., Keel, M., Mica, L., Aschbacher, K., & Schnyder, U. (2006) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000221229.43272.9d · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Serotonergic and Noradrenergic Markers of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder with and without Major Depression
Maes, M. H. J. (1999) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(98)00058-x · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“Second, combat veterans show a significantly higher rise than normal volunteers in plasma NE and peripheral SNS activity following acute laboratory stressors with stimuli reminiscent of the trauma (Blanchard et al. 1991; Krystal et al. 1989).”
Background
Basal sympathoadrenal function in posttraumatic distress disorder
McFall, M., Veith, R. C., & Murburg, M. M. (1992) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(92)90097-j · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Traumatic intrusive imagery as an emotional memory phenomenon: A review of research and explanatory information processing theories
Witvliet, C. V. (1997) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(97)00025-1 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Increased Cortisol in Women With Intimate Partner Violence‐Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Inslicht, S. S., Marmar, C. R., Neylan, T. C., Metzler, T. J., Hart, S. L., Otte, C., McCaslin, S. E., Larkin, G. L., Hyman, K. B., & Baum, A. E. (2006) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1364.035 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“This was surprising, since previous studies have found altered plasma and urinary catecholamines in PTSD (Blanchard et al., 1991; Hawk et al., 2000), and platelet catecholamine levels correlate with plasma catecholamine levels (Smith et al.”
BackgroundResult
Paroxetine binding in the blood platelets of post-traumatic stress disorder patients
Arora, R. C., Fichtner, C. G., O'Connor, F. L., & Crayton, J. W. (1993) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(93)90444-8 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Persistent stress-induced sensitization of adrenocortical and startle responses
Servatius, R. J., Ottenweller, J. E., Bergen, M. T., Soldan, S. A., & Natelson, B. H. (1994) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(94)90328-x · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Low platelet-poor plasma concentrations of serotonin in patients with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder
Spivak, B., Vered, Y., Graff, E., Blum, I., Mester, R., & Weizman, A. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00231-5 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“…investigations using peripheral measures of resting states (Davidson et al 1985; Kosten et al 1987; Lerer et al 1987; Perry et al 1987; Yehuda et al 1992) and for stressful conditions (Blanchard et al 1991; McFall et al 1990) have provided strong support for noradrenergic dysregulation in PTSD.”
Background
Role of Norepinephrine in the Pathophysiology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Ressler, K. J., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2001) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900001358 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Altered salivary alpha-amylase awakening response in Bosnian War refugees with posttraumatic stress disorder
Thoma, M. V., Joksimovic, L., Kirschbaum, C., Wolf, J. M., & Rohleder, N. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.09.013 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“However, just as many studies do not find differences in the sympathoadrenal function between individuals with or without PTSD (e.g. Blanchard et al., 1991; McFall et al., 1992; Pitman and Orr, 1990).”
Current understanding of fear learning and memory in humans and animal models and the value of a linguistic approach for analyzing fear learning and memory in humans
Raber, J., Arzy, S., Bertolus, J. B., Depue, B., Haas, H. E., Hofmann, S. G., Kangas, M., Kensinger, E., Lowry, C. A., Marusak, H. A., et al. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.015 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“, 2018) and persistent changes in LC function have been observed following stress/trauma (Blanchard et al., 2012; George et al., 2013).”
Noradrenergic Alterations in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Southwick, S. M., Morgan, C. A., Bremner, A. D., Grillon, C., Krystal, J. H., Nagy, L. M., & Charney, D. S. (1997) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48274.x · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Stress Controversies: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Hippocampal Volume, Gastroduodenal Ulceration*
Fink, G. (2010) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2010.02089.x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Alpha-2 receptor agonists for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder
Belkin, M., & Schwartz, T. (2015) · Drugs in Context · doi:10.7573/dic.212286 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“001), while the same stimuli lead to no significant change in plasma NE in healthy controls [16].”
Background
Sex differences in post-traumatic stress disorder risk: autonomic control and inflammation
Fonkoue, I. T., Michopoulos, V., & Park, J. (2020) · Clinical Autonomic Research · doi:10.1007/s10286-020-00729-7 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Stress, the brain, and trauma spectrum disorders
Bremner, J. D., & Wittbrodt, M. T. (2020) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2020.01.004 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“, 1998; Orr, Lasko, Shalev, & Pitman, 1995; Orr, Pitman, Lasko, & Herz, 1993; Orr & Roth, 2000), as well as increased norepinephrine and epinephrine in plasma (Blanchard et al., 1991; McFall et al., 1992), was seen in PTSD patients exposed to traumatic reminders in the form of combat slides and sounds or personalized…”
Background
Neurotransmitter Systems in a Mild Blast Traumatic Brain Injury Model: Catecholamines and Serotonin
Kawa, L., Arborelius, U. P., Yoshitake, T., Kehr, J., Hökfelt, T. G. M., Risling, M., & Agoston, D. V. (2014) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2014.3669 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Dysfunction of the monoamine system has been found in patients suffering from PTSD. NA has a prominent role in arousal, autonomic stress responses and encoding of emotional memories in humans, thus being of central importance in PTSD. 89 Studies using yohimbine, an a 2 receptor antagonist, prompting increased NA relea…”
Influential
Transcutaneous Cervical Vagal Nerve Stimulation in Patients with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A Pilot Study of Effects on PTSD Symptoms and Interleukin-6 Response to Stress
Bremner, J. D., Wittbrodt, M. T., Gurel, N. Z., Shandhi, M. H., Gazi, A. H., Jiao, Y., Levantsevych, O. M., Huang, M., Beckwith, J., Herring, I., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100190 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“…NE and its metabolites, in addition to increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and skin conductance (Blanchard et al., 1986; Blanchard et al., 1982; Blanchard et al., 1991; Malloy et al., 1983; McFall et al., 1990; McFall et al., 1992; Orr et al., 1998; Orr et al., 1995; Orr et al., 1993; Orr and…”
Background
Integrating NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) into PTSD Research
Schmidt, U., & Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M. (2017) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2017_1 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Exaggerated platelet reactivity to physiological agonists in war veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder
Vidović, A., Grubišić-Ilić, M., Kozarić‐Kovačić, D., Gotovac, K., Rakoš, I., Markotić, A., Rabatić, S., Dekaris, D., & Sabioncello, A. (2010) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.08.005 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“In addition, plasma NE/EPI responses to trauma-related stimuli were more pronounced in PTSD patients when compared to controls (McFall et al., 1990; Blanchard et al., 1991; Liberzon et al., 1999).”
Background
Abnormal Stimulus-Response Intensity Functions in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: An Electrophysiological Investigation
Lewine, J. D., Thoma, R. J., PROVENCAL, S. L., Edgar, C. J., Miller, G. A., & Cañive, J. M. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.10.1689 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Exploring the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and momentary heart rate variability
Green, K. T., Dennis, P. A., Neal, L. C., Hobkirk, A. L., Hicks, T. A., Watkins, L. L., Hayano, J., Sherwood, A., Calhoun, P. S., & Beckham, J. C. (2016) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2016.01.003 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Psychophysiologic assessment of mental imagery of stressful events in israeli civilian posttraumatic stress disorder patients
Shalev, A. Y., Peri, T., Gelpin, E., Orr, S. P., & Pitman, R. K. (1997) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0010-440x(97)90059-6 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Sensory gating deficits, pattern completion, and disturbed fronto-limbic balance, a model for description of hallucinations and delusions in schizophrenia.
Javanbakht, A. (2006) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2006.03.054 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“[43] Blanchard EB, Kolb LC, Prins A, Gates S, McCoy GC.”
Background
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Resick, P. A., Monson, C. M., & LoSavio, S. T. (2017) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1002/9781394258949.ch6 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Rhythms dysregulation: A new perspective for understanding PTSD?
Dayan, J., Rauchs, G., & Guillery‐Girard, B. (2016) · Journal of Physiology-Paris · doi:10.1016/j.jphysparis.2017.01.004 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“individuals with and without PTSD (Blanchard et al., 1991; McFall et al., 1992; Pitman and Orr, 1990).”
Dysregulation of aversive signaling pathways: a novel circuit endophenotype for pain and anxiety disorders
Yeh, L.-F., Watanabe, M., Cuevas, J. N. S., & Johansen, J. P. (2017) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2017.09.006 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Relevance of Neuroendocrine Alterations in PTSD to Memory-Related Impairments of Trauma Survivors
Yehuda, R., Harvey, P. D., & O’Carroll, R. E. (1997) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-2672-5_9 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Neuroendocrine Alterations in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Southwick, S. M., Yehuda, R., & Wang, S. (1998) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/0048-5713-19980801-07 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Psychoneuroendocrine assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder: Current progress and new directions
Yehuda, R., Giller, E. L., & Mason, J. W. (1993) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0278-5846(93)90004-c · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Concepts of Scientific Integrative Medicine Applied to the Physiology and Pathophysiology of Catecholamine Systems
Goldstein, D. S. (2013) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c130006 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Posttraumatic stress disorder and soluble cellular adhesion molecules at rest and in response to a trauma-specific interview in patients after myocardial infarction
von Känel, R., Abbas, C. C., Begré, S., Saner, H. E., Gander, M., & Schmid, J. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.06.005 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Patients with PTSD also showed exaggerated responses in heart rate, blood pressure, and catecholamines to trauma-specific stimuli (McFall et al., 1990; Blanchard et al., 1991; Bedi and Arora, 2007).”
Background
Anxiety Disorders: Noradrenergic Neurotransmission
Neumeister, A., Daher, R. J., & Charney, D. S. (2005) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/3-540-28082-0_8 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-reported stressors, symptom complaints and psychobiological functioning II: Psychoneuroendocrine variables
Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M., Ratliff-Crain, J., Jabaaij, L., Tilders, F. J. H., Moleman, P., & Menges, L. J. (1996) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(95)00528-5 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
On making (and turning adaptive to) maladaptive aversive memories in laboratory rodents
Gazarini, L., Stern, C. A. J., & Bertoglio, L. J. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105101 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Sympathoneural and Adrenomedullary Responses to Mental Stress
Carter, J. R., & Goldstein, D. S. (2015) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/j.2040-4603.2015.tb00608.x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with increased plasma NE (21), elevated urinary excretion rates of NE and EPI (159) and exaggerated catecholamine responses to yohimbine (253).”
Repeated fear‐induced diurnal rhythm disruptions predict PTSD ‐like sensitized physiological acute stress responses in F 344 rats
Thompson, R. S., Strong, P. V., Clark, P., Maslanik, T., Wright, K., Greenwood, B. N., & Fleshner, M. (2014) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/apha.12239 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd, doi: 10.1111/apha.12239 447 (Shalev et al. 1997, Rietsema 2003), as well as exaggerated hypothalamic–pituitary axis (HPA) responses in some cases (Blanchard et al. 1991, Heim et al. 2000, Morris et al. 2012).”
BackgroundInfluential
Neutrophil β 2 -adrenergic receptor coupling efficiency to Gs protein in subjects with post-traumatic stress disorder and normal controls
Gurguis, G. N. M., Andrews, R., Antai-Otong, D., Vo, S. P., Blakeley, J. E., Orsulak, P. J., & Rush, A. J. (1999) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130050928 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Psychophysiologic studies demonstrated increased heart rate, blood pressure, skin conductance and electromyographic responses to exposure to combat-related stimuli ( Blanchard et al. 1982, 1991; Kolb 1984, 1987; Pallmeyer et al. 1986; Pitman et al. 1987; McFall et al. 1990).”
Background
Abnormal ECG Patterns in Chronic Post-War PTSD Patients: A Pilot Study
Khazaie, H., Saidi, M. R., Sepehry, A. A., Knight, D. C., Ahmadi, M., Najafi, F., Fard, A. A. P., Samadzadeh, S., & Tahmasian, M. (2011) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-011-9197-y · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Individuals suffering from PTSD and depression appear to be at risk of developing cardiovascular disorders [20, 21, 23, 25].”
BackgroundInfluential
The psychobiology of PTSD: Perspectives and reflections on the past, present, and future
Kolb, L. C. (1993) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.2490060302 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citation
Endocrine and inflammatory alterations in post-traumatic stress disorder
Wessa, M., & Rohleder, N. (2006) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1586/17446651.2.1.91 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“…(n = 17) vs healthy controls (n = 10) medication free SCID 8 a.m. plasma after overnight fast Higher plasma NE in PTSD [95] Unchanged or lower in PTSD Blanchard et al., 1991 Cross-sectional study Vietnam veterans with PTSD (n = 15) vs Vietnam veterans without PTSD (combat controls; n = 6) DSM-IIIR…”
BackgroundMethod
Assessment of noradrenergic functioning in patients with noncombat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: a study with desmethylimipramine and orthostatic challenges
Yatham, L. N., Sacamano, J., & Kusumakar, V. (1996) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(96)02896-x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Neuroendocrine and immune responses to a cognitive stress challenge in veterans with and without PTSD
de Kloet, C. S., Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., Rademaker, A. R., Geuze, E., & Westenberg, H. M. (2012) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v3i0.16206 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Studies in PTSD have shown increased SNS responses to trauma related stimuli (Blanchard et al., 1991; Liberzon et al., 1999; McFall et al., 1990), and elevated salivary cortisol levels in anticipation, but not in response to traumatic scripts (Valentino, 1988), traumatic reminders (Liberzon et al.”
Background
Association Between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following Myocardial Infarction and Liver Enzyme Levels: A Prospective Study
von Känel, R., Abbas, C. C., Begré, S., Gander, M., Saner, H. E., & Schmid, J. (2009) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-009-1082-z · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Moreover, military veterans with PTSD showed increased circulating levels of norepinephrine [39] and greater increase in plasma norepinephrine to trauma-specific stimuli [40].”
Background
Psychobiologische Aspekte der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstöung
Ehlert, U., Wagner, D., Heinrichs, M., & Heim, C. C. (1999) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s001150050511 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Authors: BLANCHARD, E. B., KOLB, L. C., PRINS, A., GATES, S., & McCOY, G. C.
Affiliations: State University of New York (US)
Albany Medical College (US)
ORCID: PRINS, ANNABEL
Venue: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 1991-06
Volume: 179
Issue: 6
Pages: 371-373
ISSN: 0022-3018 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/00005053-199106000-00012
OpenAlex: W1964972447
Cited by: 152
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 3
FWCI: 4.83
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (MH-37838)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
Keywords: plasma norepinephrine, post-traumatic stress disorder, Vietnam War veterans, autonomic arousal, combat exposure
MeSH terms: Acoustic Stimulation, Adult, Diagnosis, Differential, Humans, Male, Memory, Norepinephrine, Posture, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Tape Recording, Veterans, Vietnam, Warfare

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Changes in Plasma Norepinephrine to Combat-Related Stimuli among Vietnam Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks