The DOI matches its Crossref record.
THE MEMBRANOUS COVERINGS OF NEURAL TISSUES: AN ELECTORN MICROSCOPY STUDY
Abstract
John D. Waggener, M.D., John Beggs, B.A.; The Membranous Coverings of Neural Tissues: An Electorn Microscopy Study*†, Journal of Neuropathology & Experimen
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Although the CNS parenchyma does not have a conventional lymphatic drainage system (3), lymphatics have been discovered in the dura mater and just outside holes in the skull bone (4-9).”
From The anatomy and immunology of vasculature in the central nervous system (2019) · cites this paper as [7]
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dirnagl, U., Kaplan, B. E., Jacewicz, M., & Pulsinelli, W. A. (1989) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1989.84 · Cited by 475
“-Lm thick membrane with very few blood vessels and lymphatics (Pease and Schultz, 1958; Waggener and Beggs, 1967; Morse and Low, 1972).”
BackgroundEricsson, A., Liu, C., Hart, R. P., & Sawchenko, P. E. (1995) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.903610410 · Cited by 471
Junctions in the meninges and marginal glia.
Nabeshima, S., Reese, T. S., Landis, D. M. D., & Brightman, M. W. (1975) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901640202 · Cited by 444
“This layer has been recognized in the arachnoid near nerve roots (Shanthaveerappa and Bourne, ’63; Waggener and Beggs, ’67) but the present study shows that it can now be recognized consistently in both spinal and cerebral meninges in a variety of mammalian species.”
BackgroundInfluentialHaines, D. E., Harkey, H. L., & Al‐Mefty, O. (1993) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1227/00006123-199301000-00017 · Cited by 444
The anatomy and immunology of vasculature in the central nervous system
Mastorakos, P., & McGavern, D. (2019) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.aav0492 · Cited by 333
Advances in Meningeal Immunity
Rua, R., & McGavern, D. B. (2018) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2018.04.003 · Cited by 326
Syndrome of Orthostatic Headaches and Diffuse Pachymeningeal Gadolinium Enhancement
Mokri, B., Piepgras, D. G., & Miller, G. M. (1997) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/72.5.400 · Cited by 312
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase: A possible clinical indicator for prostatic carcinoma
Zampella, E. J., Bradley, E. L., & Pretlow, T. G. (1982) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19820115)49:2 · Cited by 55
The macro and microvasculature of the dura mater
Kerber, C. W., & Newton, T. H. (1973) · Neuroradiology · doi:10.1007/bf00335317 · Cited by 261
Stylianopoulou, F., Herbert, J., Soares, M. B., & Efstratiadis, A. (1988) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.85.1.141 · Cited by 258
The origin of subdural neomembranes. I. Fine structure of the dura-arachnoid interface in man.
Schachenmayr, W., & Friede, R. L. (1978) · PubMed Central · Cited by 230
On the question of a subdural space
Haines, D. E. (1991) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.1092300103 · Cited by 200
Olmarker, K., Rydevik, B. L., Holm, S. H., et al. (1989) · Journal of Orthopaedic Research® · doi:10.1002/jor.1100070607 · Cited by 199
Ultrastructure of the human spinal arachnoid mater and dura mater.
Vandenabeele, F., Creemers, J., & Lambrichts, I. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 167
Ependym und Circumventriculäre Organe
Leonhardt, V. H. (1980) · Handbuch der mikroskopischen Anatomie des Menschen · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-81358-0_3 · Cited by 162
The Origin of the Spinal Subdural Space: Ultrastructure Findings
Reina, M. Á., Casasola, O. D. L., López, A., Andrés, J. A. D., Mora, M., & Fernandez, A. L. (2002) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1097/00000539-200204000-00040 · Cited by 144
Molecular anatomy of adult mouse leptomeninges
Pietilä, R., Del Gaudio, F., He, L., Vázquez-Liébanas, E., Vanlandewijck, M., Muhl, L., Mocci, G., Bjørnholm, K. D., Lindblad, C., Fletcher-Sandersjöö, A., et al. (2023) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2023.09.002 · Cited by 145
Olmarker, K., & Rydevik, B. L. (1991) · Orthopedic Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0030-5898(20)31648-5 · Cited by 141
Supratentorial intracerebral epithelial (ependymal) cysts: review, case reports, and fine structure.
Friede, R. L., & Yasargil, M. G. (1977) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.40.2.127 · Cited by 141
Nathaniel, E. J. H., & Nathaniel, D. R. (1981) · Advances in cellular neurobiology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-008302-2.50012-2 · Cited by 135
Coles, J. A., Myburgh, E., Brewer, J. M., & McMenamin, P. G. (2017) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.05.002 · Cited by 123
“However, according to the texts or micrographs of several authors, the cells of the inner layers of the dura lie in large extracellular spaces (von Recklinghausen, 1862; Boehm 1869; Waggener and Beggs, 1967; Nabeshima et al., 1975; Schachenmayr and Friede, 1978; Yamashima and Friede, 1984; Oda and Nakanishi, 1984; Hai…”
InfluentialThe fine structure of the perineural endothelium
Akert, K., Sandri, C., Weibel, E. R., Peper, K., & Moor, H. (1976) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/bf00222433 · Cited by 121
Junctions in the central nervous system of the cat
Dermietzel, R. (1975) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/bf00223012 · Cited by 121
The Morphology of the Arachnoid Villi: A Light and Electron Microscopic Study in the Monkey
Shabo, A. L., & Maxwell, D. S. (1968) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1968.29.5.0451 · Cited by 115
The functional morphology of the outflow systems of ocular and cerebrospinal fluids
Tripathi, R. C. (1977) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/s0014-4835(77)80010-9 · Cited by 118
Electrophysiology of the Peripheral Myelinated Nerve
Stämpfli, R., & Hille, B. (1976) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-66316-1_1 · Cited by 111
The Enigmatic Perineurial Cell and Its Participation in Tumors and in Tumorlike Entities
Erlandson, R. A. (1991) · Ultrastructural Pathology · doi:10.3109/01913129109016243 · Cited by 106
Haller, F. R., & Low, F. N. (1971) · American Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1002/aja.1001310102 · Cited by 103
Orlin, J. R., Osen, K. K., & Hovig, T. (1991) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.1092300104 · Cited by 100
Immune dynamics in the CNS and its barriers during homeostasis and disease*
Buckley, M. W., & McGavern, D. B. (2022) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.13066 · Cited by 107
Compartments and perivascular arrangement of the meninges covering the cerebral cortex of the rat
Krisch, B., Leonhardt, H., & Oksche, A. (1984) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/bf00219861 · Cited by 94
“Furthermore, numerous authors emphasize the difficulties in avoiding artifacts or in recognizing them (cf. Andres 1967; Waggener and Beggs 1967; Rascol and Izard 1972).”
Olmarker, K. (1991) · Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica · doi:10.3109/17453679109153920 · Cited by 88
Ultrastructure of Meningeal Sheaths
Anderson, D. R. (1969) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.1969.00990020653015 · Cited by 88
The fine structure of the pia mater of the rat
Morse, D. E., & Low, F. N. (1972) · American Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1002/aja.1001330309 · Cited by 85
Apolipoprotein E4 and meningeal lymphatics in Alzheimer disease: a conceptual framework
Mentis, A. A., Dardiotis, E., & Chrousos, G. P. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-0731-7 · Cited by 83
Linear arrays of homogenous mast cells in the dura mater of the rat
Dimlich, R. V. W., Keller, J. T., Strauss, T. A., & Fritts, M. J. (1991) · Journal of Neurocytology · doi:10.1007/bf01252276 · Cited by 85
Melanogenesis in cultures of peripheral nervous tissue
Nichols, D. H., & Weston, J. A. (1977) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/0012-1606(77)90120-8 · Cited by 82
Scanning electron microscopy of the subarachnoid space in the dog. I. Spinal cord levels
Cloyd, M. W., & Low, F. N. (1974) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901530402 · Cited by 75
False-positive artifacts of tracer strategies distort autonomic connectivity maps
Fox, E. A., & Powley, T. L. (1989) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/0165-0173(89)90009-x · Cited by 71
The subdural space interpreted as a cellular layer of meninges
Frederickson, R. G. (1991) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.1092300105 · Cited by 69
Zenker, W., Bankoul, S., & Braun, J. (1994) · Anatomy and Embryology · doi:10.1007/bf00239012 · Cited by 68
Pericytes and perivascular microglial cells in the basal forebrain of the neonatal rabbit
Stensaas, L. J. (1975) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/bf00220217 · Cited by 69
Perineurium: Evidence for Contractile Elements
Ross, M. H., & Reith, E. J. (1969) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.165.3893.604 · Cited by 69
Conley, F. K., Rubinstein, L. J., & Spence, A. M. (1976) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00696559 · Cited by 69
“Such complexes, especially zonulae occludentes, but also zonulae and maculae adhaerentes, have often been described in normal perineurial cells [2, 8,14,19, 39, 40, 42], which are also characterized by the presence of numerous hemidesmosomes [19,40].”
BackgroundThe meningeal compartments of the median eminence and the cortex
Krisch, B., Leonhardt, H., & Oksche, A. (1983) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/bf00211479 · Cited by 68
Melanogenesis in cultures of peripheral nervous tissue
Nichols, D. H., Kaplan, R. A., & Weston, J. A. (1977) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/0012-1606(77)90121-x · Cited by 67
Phenytoin suppresses spontaneous ectopic discharge in rat sciatic nerve neuromas
Yaari, Y., & Devor, M. G. (1985) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(85)90339-8 · Cited by 65
Fine structure of an intracerebral epithelial cyst
Ghatak, N. R., Hirano, A., Kasoff, S. S., et al. (1974) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1974.41.1.0075 · Cited by 64
The fine structure of so-called minute pulmonary chemodectomas
Kuhn, C. S., & Askin, F. B. (1975) · Human Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0046-8177(75)80077-3 · Cited by 62
PERINEURIAL CELL TUMOR AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PERINEURIAL CELLS IN NEUROFIBROMA
Ushigome, S., Takakuwa, T., 日向, 正., et al. (1986) · Acta Pathologica Japonica · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1827.1986.tb00208.x · Cited by 61
Ultrastructure of the arachnoid membrane in man
Lopes, C. A. S., & Mair, W. G. P. (1974) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00710326 · Cited by 58
Die Feinstruktur der neuromatösen Neurotisation von Nerventransplantaten
Schröder, J. M., & Seiffert, K. E. (1970) · Virchows Archiv B Cell Pathology Including Molecular Pathology · doi:10.1007/bf02893564 · Cited by 57
Lymphatic efflux of intracerebrally injected cells
Oehmichen, M., Gr�ninger, H., Wieth�lter, H., & Genčić, M. (1979) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00691806 · Cited by 52
“…can be easily understood with the help of a series of investigations conducted in recent years: the perineural nerve sheaths are open ended inside the subarachnoid space where the nerve fibers enter the cerebral parenchyma (Waggener and Beggs, 1967; McCabe and Low, 1969, Haller et al., 1972).”
BackgroundChapter 2 Development of the Peripheral Nerve
Kaplan, S., Odacı, E., Ünal, B., Şahin, B., & Fornaro, M. (2009) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(09)87002-5 · Cited by 49
“…and morphological structure of the mature connective or supportive tissue that constitute the PN sheath have been well described using diVerent techniques (Burkel, 1967; Gamble and Eames, 1964; Jessen and Mirsky, 1999; Kerns, 2008; Landon, 1976; Thomas, 1963; Waggener and Beggs, 1976).”
MethodThe cranial meninges: Anatomic considerations
Greenberg, R. W., Lane, E. L., Cinnamon, J., Farmer, P., & Hyman, R. A. (1994) · Seminars in Ultrasound CT and MRI · doi:10.1016/s0887-2171(05)80017-4 · Cited by 50
Scanning electron microscopy of the subarachnoid space in the dog. IV. Subarachnoid macrophages
Malloy, J. J., & Low, F. N. (1976) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901670302 · Cited by 50
The connective tissue elements of the mammalian nodose ganglion
Lieberman, A. R. (1968) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/bf00332655 · Cited by 50
[Morphology of peripheral nerves, their sheaths, and their vascularization].
Reina, M. Á., López, A., Villanueva, M. C., et al. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 49
Human spinal arachnoid septa, trabeculae, and “rogue strands”
Parkinson, D. (1991) · American Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1002/aja.1001920414 · Cited by 47
Scanning electron microscopy of the subarachnoid space in the dog. III. Cranial levels
Allen, D. J., & Low, F. N. (1975) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901610404 · Cited by 46
Lorenzo, A. V., Hammerstad, J. P., & Cutler, R. W. P. (1970) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/0022-510x(70)90153-x · Cited by 44
Morphogenesis of rat cranial meninges
Angelov, D. N., & Vasilev, V. (1989) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/bf00221652 · Cited by 43
Ependyma and meninges of the spinal cord of the mouse
Seitz, R. J., L�hler, J., & Schwendemann, G. (1981) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/bf00209966 · Cited by 43
Ultrastructure of schwann and perineural sheaths at the mouse neuromuscular junction
Saito, A., & Zacks, S. I. (1969) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.1091640401 · Cited by 43
Ultrastructural evidence for CSF production by a choroid plexus papilloma
Ghatak, N. R., & McWhorter, J. M. (1976) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1976.45.4.0409 · Cited by 43
The subdural neurothelium of the cranial meninges in man
Rascol, M. M., & Izard, J. Y. (1976) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.1091860308 · Cited by 43
Haller, F. R., Haller, A. C., & Low, F. N. (1972) · American Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1002/aja.1001330107 · Cited by 42
A study of the perineurial diffusion barrier of a peripheral ganglion
Arvidson, B. (1979) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00684815 · Cited by 41
“The general structure of the ganglionic capsule was similar to that described for other types of ganglia (Waggener and Beggs, 1967; Lieberman, 1968; McCracken and Dow, 1973; Reale et al., 1976).”
ResultThe fine structure of subarachnoid macrophages in the rat
Morse, D. E., & Low, F. N. (1972) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.1091740406 · Cited by 39
Ultrastructure of the outer cortex and thepia mater in man
Lopes, C. A. S., & Mair, W. G. P. (1974) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00687521 · Cited by 38
Postoperative Epidural Analgesia
McMurphy, R. M. (1993) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/s0195-5616(93)50077-3 · Cited by 37
Primary Tumors in the CNS of Carnivores
Hayes, K. C., & Schiefer, B. H. (1969) · Pathologia veterinaria · doi:10.1177/030098586900600202 · Cited by 37
Cell Division in the Normal Central Nervous System
Sturrock, R. R. (1982) · Advances in cellular neurobiology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-008303-9.50006-2 · Cited by 36
On the occurrence of microtubules within mature astrocytes
Raine, C. S., & Wı́sniewski, H. M. (1970) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.1091670305 · Cited by 35
Incidence and distribution of neomembranes of dura mater
Friede, R. L. (1971) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.34.4.439 · Cited by 34
Unintentional Subdural Placement of Epidural Catheters During Attempted Epidural Anesthesia
Reina, M. Á., Collier, C. B., Prats‐Galino, A., Puigdellívol‐Sánchez, A., Machés, F., & Andrés, J. A. D. (2011) · Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine · doi:10.1097/aap.0b013e31822e0e8c · Cited by 32
Electron microscopic studies on the lamprey meninges
Nakao, T. (1979) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901830213 · Cited by 29
“…layers, which have been designated in various ways: “dural mesothelium” (Weed, ’38; Pease and Schultz, ’58; Anderson, ’69), “neurothelium” (Andres, ’67), “medial dural cell” (Waggener and Beggs, ’67), “inter- mediate cell” (Himango and Low, ’71) and “dural border cell” (Nabeshima et al., ’75).”
BackgroundInfluentialDavson, H. (1969) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-7321-4_3 · Cited by 28
Purification of viable ciliated cuboidal ependymal cells from rat brain
Manthorpe, C. M., Wilkin, G. P., & Wilson, J. E. (1977) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(77)90818-6 · Cited by 28
Characterization of rat meningeal cultures on materials of differing surface chemistry
Manwaring, M. E., Biran, R., & Tresco, P. A. (2001) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/s0142-9612(01)00068-0 · Cited by 26
Paramasivam, S., Toma, N., Niimi, Y., et al. (2012) · Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery · doi:10.1136/neurintsurg-2012-010318 · Cited by 26
Mechanisms of Cerebrospinal Fluid Absorption in Normal and Pathologically Altered Arachnoid Villi
Butler, A. B., Dacey, R. G., Maffeo, C. J., Mann, J. D., Johnson, R. N., & Bass, N. H. (1983) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-9269-3_45 · Cited by 25
Diagnostic tests and Hodgkin's disease.A standardized approach to their evaluation
Harris, J. M., Tang, D. B., & Weltz, M. D. (1978) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/1097-0142(197806)41:6 · Cited by 9
Active transport of glycine across the frog arachnoid membrane
Wright, E. M. (1974) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(74)90469-7 · Cited by 26
Basic principles of neuroimmunology
Yoshida, T. M., Wang, A., & Hafler, D. A. (2022) · Seminars in Immunopathology · doi:10.1007/s00281-022-00951-7 · Cited by 27
“Although a lymphatic system in the dura was described as early in the eighteenth century [3] and later in the 1900s [4, 5], its existence was not widely accepted until more studies in rodent models [6, 7] and humans [8].”
BackgroundCoons, S. W., & Johnson, P. C. (1989) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00687382 · Cited by 25
Haines, D. E., Harkey, H. L., & Al‐Mefty, O. (1993) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1097/00006123-199301000-00017 · Cited by 24
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis: Ultrastructural pathology
Walker, D. H., Murphy, F. A., Whitfield, S. G., et al. (1975) · Experimental and Molecular Pathology · doi:10.1016/0014-4800(75)90022-2 · Cited by 23
Granulofilamentous inclusions in a meningioma
Goldman, J. E., Horoupian, D. S., & Johnson, T. (1980) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19800701)46:1 · Cited by 23
Yamashima, T., & Friede, R. L. (1984) · Neurologia medico-chirurgica · doi:10.2176/nmc.24.737 · Cited by 22
Maly, P. V., Olivecrona, H., Alm�n, T., et al. (1984) · Neuroradiology · doi:10.1007/bf00342420 · Cited by 21
An ultrastructural study of the development of the chicken perineurial sheath.
du Plessis, D. G., Mouton, Y., Muller, C. J., et al. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 21
Webster, H. D. (1974) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-8699-9_1 · Cited by 20
Kaar, G. F., & Fraher, J. (1986) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 20
The openings of the central canal in the filum terminale internum of some mammals
Nakayama, Y. (1976) · Journal of Neurocytology · doi:10.1007/bf01175567 · Cited by 18
Macrophages related to leptomeninges and ventral nerve roots. An ultrastructural study.
Fraher, J., & McDougall, R. D. (1975) · PubMed · Cited by 18
Specialized junctional complexes in human meningioma
Tani, E., Ikeda, K., Yamagata, S., et al. (1974) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00685285 · Cited by 18
Electrical properties and structure of the frog arachnoid membrane
Perez‐Gomez, J., Bindslev, N., Orkand, P. M., & Wright, E. M. (1976) · Journal of Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/neu.480070309 · Cited by 18
Discovery of the arachnoid membrane
Bakay, L. (1991) · Surgical Neurology · doi:10.1016/0090-3019(91)90136-w · Cited by 17
Franklin, R. J. M., Crang, A. J., & Blakemore, W. F. (1992) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2990.1992.tb00779.x · Cited by 17
Metadata
- Authors
- WAGGENER, J. D., & BEGGS, J.
- Venue
- Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1967-07
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 412-426
- ISSN
- 0022-3069 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2090391983
- Cited by
- 154
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 7.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anatomy › Classical Anatomy and Histology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Cerebrospinal fluid and hydrocephalus
- Keywords
- neural membranes, meninges
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Arachnoid, Cell Membrane, Dura Mater, Ganglia, Spinal, Guinea Pigs, Microscopy, Electron, Peripheral Nerves, Pia Mater, Spinal Nerves, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review