CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 1,354Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychometric Methodologies and TestingTreatment of Major Depression

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 44 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Monitoring Depression Treatment Outcomes With the Patient Health Questionnaire-9

L??we, Bernd, Un??tzer, J??rgen, Callahan, Christopher M., Perkins, Anthony J., Kroenke, Kurt·2004·Medical Care
DOI 10.1097/00005650-200412000-00006
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Although effective treatment of depressed patients requires regular follow-up contacts and symptom monitoring, an efficient method for assessing treatment outcome is lacking. We investigated responsiveness to treatment, reproducibility, and minimal clinically important difference of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), a standard instrument for diagnosing depression in primary care. METHODS: This study included 434 intervention subjects from the IMPACT study, a multisite treatment trial of late-life depression (63% female, mean age 71 years). Changes in PHQ-9 scores over the course of time were evaluated with respect to change scores of the SCL-20 depression scale as well as 2 independent structured diagnostic interviews for depression during a 6-month period. Test-retest reliability and minimal clinically important difference were assessed in 2 subgroups of patients who completed the PHQ-9 twice exactly 7 days apart. RESULTS: The PHQ-9 responsiveness as measured by effect size was significantly greater than the SCL-20 at 3 months (-1.3 versus -0.9) and equivalent at 6 months (-1.3 versus -1.2). With respect to structured diagnostic interviews, both the PHQ-9 and the SCL-20 change scores accurately discriminated patients with persistent major depression, partial remission, and full remission. Test-retest reliability of the PHQ-9 was excellent, and its minimal clinically important difference for individual change, estimated as 2 standard errors of measurement, was 5 points on the 0 to 27 point PHQ-9 scale. CONCLUSIONS: Well-validated as a diagnostic measure, the PHQ-9 has now proven to be a responsive and reliable measure of depression treatment outcomes. Its responsiveness to treatment coupled with its brevity makes the PHQ-9 an attractive tool for gauging response to treatment in individual patient care as well as in clinical research.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1097/00005650-200412000-00006

Cites

44 of 44 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Show all 45 references

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Derogatis, 1973, Psychopharmacol Bull, 9, 13
  2. Simon, 1996, JAMA, 275, 1897, 10.1001/jama.1996.03530480039038 · DOI
  3. Wells, 2001, J Rheumatol, 28, 406

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 501–600 of 1,005

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
L??we, B., Un??tzer, J., Callahan, C. M., Perkins, A. J., & Kroenke, K.
Affiliations
Regenstrief Institute (US)
ORCID
Venue
Medical Care
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2004-12
Volume
42
Issue
12
Pages
1194-1201
ISSN
0025-7079 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1097/00005650-200412000-00006
OpenAlex
W2049265876
Cited by
1,354
References
45
Citations by year
2026: 89 · 2025: 103 · 2024: 92 · 2023: 101 · 2022: 114 · 2021: 117 · 2020: 84 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 71 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 65 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 60 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 57
FWCI
27.21
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Medical Care (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
Keywords
PHQ-9, geriatric depression, treatment outcome monitoring, treatment response, test-retest reliability, minimal clinically important difference, remission, primary care depression, impact studies
MeSH terms
Aged, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Male, Primary Health Care, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Quality of Life, Surveys and Questionnaires, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Sickness Impact Profile, Dysthymic Disorder, Self Efficacy, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review