Cited by 1,354Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychometric Methodologies and TestingTreatment of Major Depression

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 44 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Monitoring Depression Treatment Outcomes With the Patient Health Questionnaire-9

L??we, Bernd, Un??tzer, J??rgen, Callahan, Christopher M., Perkins, Anthony J., Kroenke, Kurt·2004·Medical Care

DOI 10.1097/00005650-200412000-00006

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Although effective treatment of depressed patients requires regular follow-up contacts and symptom monitoring, an efficient method for assessing treatment outcome is lacking. We investigated responsiveness to treatment, reproducibility, and minimal clinically important difference of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), a standard instrument for diagnosing depression in primary care. METHODS: This study included 434 intervention subjects from the IMPACT study, a multisite treatment trial of late-life depression (63% female, mean age 71 years). Changes in PHQ-9 scores over the course of time were evaluated with respect to change scores of the SCL-20 depression scale as well as 2 independent structured diagnostic interviews for depression during a 6-month period. Test-retest reliability and minimal clinically important difference were assessed in 2 subgroups of patients who completed the PHQ-9 twice exactly 7 days apart. RESULTS: The PHQ-9 responsiveness as measured by effect size was significantly greater than the SCL-20 at 3 months (-1.3 versus -0.9) and equivalent at 6 months (-1.3 versus -1.2). With respect to structured diagnostic interviews, both the PHQ-9 and the SCL-20 change scores accurately discriminated patients with persistent major depression, partial remission, and full remission. Test-retest reliability of the PHQ-9 was excellent, and its minimal clinically important difference for individual change, estimated as 2 standard errors of measurement, was 5 points on the 0 to 27 point PHQ-9 scale. CONCLUSIONS: Well-validated as a diagnostic measure, the PHQ-9 has now proven to be a responsive and reliable measure of depression treatment outcomes. Its responsiveness to treatment coupled with its brevity makes the PHQ-9 an attractive tool for gauging response to treatment in individual patient care as well as in clinical research.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1097/00005650-200412000-00006

Cites

44 of 44 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267
The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x · Cited by 44,910
Self-citation
An inventory for measuring depression
BECK, A. T. (1961) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 · Cited by 38,032
Untitled work
(1992) · PubMed · Cited by 33,716
A rating scale for depression
Hamilton, M. (1960) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56 · Cited by 32,817
The MOS 36-ltem Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): I. Conceptual Framework and Item Selection
Ware, J. E., & Sherbourne, C. D. (1992) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-199206000-00002 · Cited by 30,033
Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability.
Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.420 · Cited by 24,532
A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: Construction of Scales and Preliminary Tests of Reliability and Validity
WARE, J. E., KOSINSKI, M., & KELLER, S. D. (1996) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-199603000-00003 · Cited by 17,392
Validation and Utility of a Self-report Version of PRIME-MD<SUBTITLE>The PHQ Primary Care Study</SUBTITLE>
Spitzer, R. L. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.282.18.1737 · Cited by 9,802
Measurement of health status
Jaeschke, R., Singer, J., & Guyatt, G. H. (1989) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(89)90005-6 · Cited by 4,982

Show all 45 references

Research works printed but not linked: 3

Derogatis, 1973, Psychopharmacol Bull, 9, 13
Simon, 1996, JAMA, 275, 1897, 10.1001/jama.1996.03530480039038 · DOI
Wells, 2001, J Rheumatol, 28, 406

Sorted by citations

Items 601–700 of 1,005

Perinatal Depression: A Guide to Detection and Management in Primary Care
Dama, M. H., & Lieshout, R. J. V. (2023) · The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine · doi:10.3122/jabfm.2023.230061r1 · Cited by 17
Emergency department-initiated palliative care for advanced cancer patients: protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial
Kandarian, B. S., Morrison, R. S., Richardson, L. D., Ortiz, J. M., & Grudzen, C. R. (2014) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-15-251 · Cited by 17
A team approach to systematic behavioral screening and intervention.
Brown, R. L., Moberg, P. D., Allen, J. B., Peterson, C., Saunders, L. A., Croyle, M. D., Lecoanet, R. M., Linnan, S. M., Briedenbach, K., & Caldwell, S. B. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 17
Making measurement‐based care for addictions a reality in primary care
Bradley, K. A., Caldeiro, R. M., Hallgren, K. A., & Kivlahan, D. R. (2019) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.14605 · Cited by 17
Prevalence of Depression and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Among Mexican Indigenous Adolescents and Young Adults: Challenges for Healthcare
Servan-Mori, E. E., González-Robledo, L. M., Nigenda, G., Quezada-Sanchez, A. D., González-Robledo, M. C., & Rodríguez-Cuevas, F. G. (2020) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-020-01001-9 · Cited by 19
Changes in patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) scores in adults with medical authorization for cannabis
Round, J. M., Lee, C., Hanlon, J. G., Hyshka, E., Dyck, J. R. B., & Eurich, D. T. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09089-3 · Cited by 19
Delivering an Online Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Program to Address Mental Health Challenges Faced by Correctional Workers and Other Public Safety Personnel: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study
Alavi, N., Stephenson, C., Omrani, M., Gerritsen, C. J., Martin, M. S., Knyahnytskyi, A., Zhu, Y., Kumar, A., Jagayat, J., Shirazi, A., et al. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/30845 · Cited by 18
Preliminary Support for Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to Reduce Psychological Distress in Patients with Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD)
Vaca, K. C., Tremmel, J. A., & Edwards, K. S. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-021-09803-2 · Cited by 18
Reliability and Validity of Vietnamese Version of Patient Health Questionnaire 9 Items (PHQ-9) Among UMP Medical Freshmen
Nghia, N. T., An, P. L., & Tien, N. D. P. (2021) · World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, September 7 - 12, 2009, Munich, Germany · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-75506-5_72 · Cited by 19
Similar Outcomes in Treating Major Depressive Disorder with 10 Hz repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) versus Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation (iTBS): A Naturalistic Observational Study
Spitz, N. A., Eyck, P. T., Nizar, K., Boes, A., & Trapp, N. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/pra.0000000000000611 · Cited by 15
Does an Outreaching Stepped Care Program Reduce Depressive Symptoms in Community-Dwelling Older Adults? A Randomized Implementation Trial
van Beljouw, I. M. J., van Exel, E. R., van de Ven, P. M., Joling, K. J., Dhondt, T. D. F., Stek, M. L., & van Marwijk, H. (2014) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2014.09.012 · Cited by 17
Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of transmural collaborative care with consultation letter (TCCCL) and duloxetine for major depressive disorder (MDD) and (sub)chronic pain in collaboration with primary care: design of a randomized placebo-controlled multi-Centre trial: TCC:PAINDIP
de Heer, E. W., Dekker, J., van der Sluijs, J. F. V. E., Beekman, A. T. F., van Marwijk, H., Holwerda, T. J., Bet, P. M., Roth, J., Roijen, L. H., Ringoir, L., et al. (2013) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-147 · Cited by 17
Rapid Depression Assessment in Geriatric Patients
Grossberg, G. T., Beck, D., & Zaidi, S. N. Y. (2017) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2017.03.007 · Cited by 17
The longitudinal association between depression, anxiety symptoms and HIV outcomes, and the modifying effect of alcohol dependence among ART clients with hazardous alcohol use in Vietnam
Nguyen, M. X., Reyes, H. L. M., Pence, B. W., Muessig, K. E., Hutton, H. E., Latkin, C. A., Dowdy, D. W., Chander, G., Lancaster, K. E., Frangakis, C., et al. (2021) · Journal of the International AIDS Society · doi:10.1002/jia2.25746 · Cited by 17
A Primary Care Focus on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder in Adults
Halaris, A. E. (2011) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/01.pra.0000405364.90043.bd · Cited by 17
The efficacy of automated feedback after internet-based depression screening: Study protocol of the German, three-armed, randomised controlled trial DISCOVER
Sikorski, F., König, H.-H., Wegscheider, K., Zapf, A., Löwe, B., & Kohlmann, S. (2021) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2021.100435 · Cited by 15
“Depression severity will be assessed by the German version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9; Kroenke et al., 2001; L ¨ owe et al., 2004a,b).”
MethodSelf-citation
Online Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for People with Parkinson’s Disease and Their Caregivers: a Pilot Study
Seritan, A. L., Iosif, A.-M., Prakash, P., Wang, S. S., & Eisendrath, S. (2022) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-022-00261-7 · Cited by 16
“Five people with PD achieved a 5-point reduction in PHQ-9 scores, which is considered clinically meaningful (Löwe et al., 2004).”
Background
Mental health and lifestyle-related behaviors in medical students in a Jordanian University, and variations by clerkship status
Dodin, Y., Obeidat, N. A., Dodein, R., Seetan, K. I., Alajjawe, S., Awwad, M., Adwan, M., Alhawari, A., ALkatari, A., Alqadasi, A. A.-L., et al. (2024) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-024-06273-6 · Cited by 30
Economic Insecurities and Mental Health Among Low-Income Pregnant People in the Central Valley Region of California
Zahid, N., Blebu, B. E., Felder, J. N., McCulloch, C. E., Chambers, B. D., Curry, V. C., Carraway, K., León-Martínez, D., Coleman‐Phox, K., Kuppermann, M., et al. (2025) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2025.01.006 · Cited by 16
Determinants of pain interference and headache impact in patients who have chronic migraine with medication overuse: Results from the MOTS trial
Schwedt, T. J., Sahai‐Srivastava, S., Murinova, N., Birlea, M., Ahmed, Z. A., Digre, K. B., Lopez, K., Mullally, W. J., Blaya, M. T., Pippitt, K. A., et al. (2021) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1177/03331024211006903 · Cited by 16
Predictors of Disengagement and Symptom Improvement Among Adults With Depression Enrolled in Talkspace, a Technology-Mediated Psychotherapy Platform: Naturalistic Observational Study
Darnell, D. A., Pullmann, M. D., Hull, T. D., Chen, S., & Areán, P. A. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/36521 · Cited by 17
Psychosocial factors among patients undergoing orbital exenteration
Balakrishnan, N., Agrawal, S., Bhargava, R., Jain, V., Pushker, N., Meel, R., & Bajaj, M. (2022) · Clinical and Experimental Optometry · doi:10.1080/08164622.2022.2106781 · Cited by 17
The role of frailty in modifying physical function and quality of life over time in older men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer
Kim, V. S., Yang, H. W., Timilshina, N., Breunis, H., Emmenegger, U., Gregg, R. W., Hansen, A. R., TOMLINSON, G. A., & Alibhai, S. M. H. (2023) · Journal of Geriatric Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.jgo.2022.12.005 · Cited by 16
Preparing for and Not Waiting for Surgery
Bates, A. S., West, M. A., Jack, S., & Grocott, M. P. W. (2024) · Current Oncology · doi:10.3390/curroncol31020046 · Cited by 16
The Edmonton Symptom Assessment System is a valid, reliable, and responsive tool to assess symptom burden in decompensated cirrhosis
Donlan, J., Zeng, C., Indriolo, T., Li, L., Zhu, E. V., Zhou, J., Pintro, K., Horick, N., Edelen, M. O., Chung, R. T., et al. (2024) · Hepatology Communications · doi:10.1097/hc9.0000000000000385 · Cited by 17
Imagery re-scripting for PTSD: session content and its relation to symptom improvement
Brown, G. P., Salter, C., Parker, E., Murray, H., Looney, K., El‐Leithy, S., Medin, E., Nováková, B., & Wheatley, J. (2022) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465822000479 · Cited by 15
The Beyond Ageing Project Phase 2 - a double-blind, selective prevention, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acids and sertraline in an older age cohort at risk for depression: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Cockayne, N. L., Duffy, S. L., Bonomally, R., English, A., Amminger, G. P., Mackinnon, A. J., Christensen, H. M., Naismith, S. L., & Hickie, I. B. (2015) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-015-0762-6 · Cited by 17
Efficacy of a systematic depression management program in high utilizers of primary care: a randomized trial
Berghöfer, A., Hartwich, A., Bauer, M., Unützer, J., Willich, S. N., & Pfennig, A. (2012) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/1472-6963-12-298 · Cited by 17
Self-citation
The effect of depressive symptoms on social support one year following traumatic injury
Agtarap, S., Boals, A., Holtz, P. M., Roden‐Foreman, K., McShan, E., Ruggero, C. J., & Warren, A. M. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.067 · Cited by 16
Process evaluation of a stepped-care program to prevent depression in primary care: patients’ and practice nurses’ experiences
Pols, A. D., Schipper, K., Overkamp, D., van Dijk, S. E. M., Bosmans, J. E., van Marwijk, H., Adriaanse, M. C., & van Tulder, M. W. (2017) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-017-0583-7 · Cited by 16
Enhanced psychological care in cardiac rehabilitation services for patients with new-onset depression: the CADENCE feasibility study and pilot RCT
Richards, S. H., Campbell, J., Dickens, C. M., Anderson, R., Gandhi, M., Gibson, A., Kessler, D. S., Knight, L., Kuyken, W., Richards, D. A., et al. (2018) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta22300 · Cited by 17
An emergency department medical record review for adolescent intentional self-harm injuries
Hansen, A. C., Slavova, D., Cooper, G. L., Zummer, J., & Costich, J. F. (2021) · Injury Epidemiology · doi:10.1186/s40621-020-00293-8 · Cited by 16
Impact of intensive treatment programs for posttraumatic stress disorder on suicidal ideation in veterans and service members.
Post, L. M., Held, P., Smith, D. L., Black, K., Horn, R. V., Pollack, M. H., ROTHBAUM, B. O., & Rauch, S. A. M. (2021) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/ser0000518 · Cited by 18
A Bayesian Model to Analyze the Association of Rheumatoid Arthritis With Risk Factors and Their Interactions
Lufkin, L., Budišić, M., Mondal, S., & Sur, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.693830 · Cited by 16
Teaching Systems-Based Practice to Primary Care Physicians to Foster Routine Implementation of Evidence-Based Depression Care
Sherman, S. E., Fotiades, J., Rubenstein, L. V., Gilman, S. C., Vivell, S., Chaney, E. F., Yano, E. M., & Felker, B. L. (2007) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0b013e31802d9165 · Cited by 16
Psychological and interactional characteristics of patients with somatoform disorders: Validation of the Somatic Symptoms Experiences Questionnaire (SSEQ) in a clinical psychosomatic population
Herzog, A., Voigt, K., Meyer, B., Wollburg, E., Weinmann, N., Langs, G., & Löwe, B. (2015) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.03.004 · Cited by 16
Self-citation
Electronic Screening for Mental Health in Rural Primary Care: Implementation
Farrell, S. P., Mahone, I. H., Zerull, L. M., Guerlain, S. A. E., Akan, D., Hauenstein, E. J., & Schorling, J. B. (2009) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840802694411 · Cited by 16
The HSCL-20: One questionnaire, two versions
Walker, J., Sharpe, M., Kroenke, K., & Murray, G. D. (2009) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.11.002 · Cited by 16
Self-citation
Improving mental health in U.S. Veterans using mHealth tools: A pilot study
Latour, C. D., O’Byrne, L., McCarthy, M., Chacko, R. V., Russell, E., & Price, R. K. (2020) · Health Informatics Journal · doi:10.1177/1460458220954613 · Cited by 15
Comparison of different scoring methods based on latent variable models of the PHQ-9: an individual participant data meta-analysis
Fischer, F. H., Levis, B., Falk, C. F., Sun, Y., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Cuijpers, P. J., Shrier, I., Benedetti, A., & Thombs, B. D. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721000131 · Cited by 16
Hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial of guided relaxation and acupuncture for chronic sickle cell disease pain (GRACE): A protocol
Doorenbos, A. Z., Schlaeger, J. M., deMartelly, V. A., Burke, L., Boyd, A. D., Knisely, M. R., Leigh, J. W., Li, H., Mandernach, M. W., Molokie, R. E., et al. (2023) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2023.101076 · Cited by 15
Mental health and social support among Royal Canadian Mounted Police cadets
Nisbet, J., Jamshidi, L., Andrews, K. L., Stewart, S. H., Shields, R. E., Teckchandani, T. A., Maguire, K. Q., & Carleton, R. N. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1092334 · Cited by 20
Review of the psychometric properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) Spanish version in a sample of Puerto Rican workers
Rosario-Hernández, E., Rovira-Millán, L. V., Merino‐Soto, C., & Angulo-Ramos, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1024676 · Cited by 15
Clinical effectiveness of patient-targeted feedback following depression screening in general practice (GET.FEEDBACK.GP): an investigator-initiated, prospective, multicentre, three-arm, observer-blinded, randomised controlled trial in Germany
Löwe, B., Scherer, M., Braunschneider, L., Marx, G., Eisele, M., Mallon, T., Schneider, A., Linde, K., Allwang, C., Joos, S., et al. (2024) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(24)00035-x · Cited by 15
Self-citation
The association between tinnitus and risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality: insight from the UK Biobank
Zhang, Y.-P., Gao, Q.-Y., Gao, J.-W., Liang, X.-T., Guo, D.-C., Chen, Z., Wang, J.-F., Tang, D., & Zhang, H.-F. (2024) · Acta Cardiologica · doi:10.1080/00015385.2024.2324222 · Cited by 17
Maximizing the Value of Mobile Health Monitoring by Avoiding Redundant Patient Reports: Prediction of Depression-Related Symptoms and Adherence Problems in Automated Health Assessment Services
Piette, J. D., Sussman, J. B., Pfeiffer, P. N., Silveira, M. J., Singh, S. P., & Lavieri, M. S. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2582 · Cited by 17
Study protocol for the COMET study: a cluster-randomised, prospective, parallel-group, superiority trial to compare the effectiveness of a collaborative and stepped care model versus treatment as usual in patients with mental disorders in primary care
Heddaeus, D., Dirmaier, J., Brettschneider, C., Daubmann, A., Grochtdreis, T., Knesebeck, O. V. D., König, H., Löwe, B., Maehder, K., Porzelt, S., et al. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032408 · Cited by 15
Self-citation
Selecting Patient-Reported Outcome Measures to Contribute to Primary Care Performance Measurement: a Mixed Methods Approach
Keller, S., Dy, S. M., Wilson, R. F., Dukhanin, V., Snyder, C. F., & Wu, A. W. (2020) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-020-05811-4 · Cited by 16
Optimizing a self-directed mobile mindfulness intervention for improving cardiorespiratory failure survivors' psychological distress (LIFT2): Design and rationale of a randomized factorial experimental clinical trial
Cox, C. E., Olsen, M. K., Gallis, J. A., Porter, L. S., Greeson, J. M., Gremore, T. M., Frear, A., Ungar, A., McKeehan, J. D., McDowell, B., et al. (2020) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2020.106119 · Cited by 17
Intrapersonal Factors Impact Advance Care Planning Among Cancer Patients
Kelly, E. P., Henderson, B. L., Hyer, M., & Pawlik, T. M. (2020) · American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® · doi:10.1177/1049909120962457 · Cited by 15
A Novel Approach to Clustering Accelerometer Data for Application in Passive Predictions of Changes in Depression Severity
Ross, M. K., Tulabandhula, T., Bennett, C. C., Baek, E., Kim, D., Hussain, F., Demos, A. P., Ning, E., Langenecker, S. A., Ajilore, O., et al. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23031585 · Cited by 16
Depression recovery from the primary care patient's perspective: 'hear it in my voice and see it in my eyes'.
Johnson, C., Gunn, J. M., & Kokanović, R. (2009) · PubMed Central · Cited by 15
The Patient Health Questionnaire-9: Validation among Patients with Glaucoma
Gothwal, V. K., Bagga, D. K., Bharani, S., Sumalini, R., & Reddy, S. P. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101295 · Cited by 15
Cost-effectiveness of a randomized trial to treat depression among Latinos.
Kafali, N., Cook, B. L., CANINO, G. J., & Alegria, M. M. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 15
Outcomes in the treatment of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) with CBTip: Response in seizure frequency, depression, anxiety, and quality of life
Tilahun, B. B. S., Thompson, N. R., Sankary, L. R., Laryea, F., Trunick, C. M., & Jehi, L. E. (2021) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108277 · Cited by 15
Collapsing Bandits and Their Application to Public Health InterventionsPreprint
Mate, A., Killian, J. A., Xu, H., Perrault, A., & Tambe, M. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2007.04432 · Cited by 15
Preventing eating disorders with an interactive gender-adapted intervention program in schools: Study protocol of a randomized controlled trial
Weigel, A., Gumz, A., Uhlenbusch, N., Wegscheider, K., Romer, G., & Löwe, B. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0405-1 · Cited by 14
Self-citation
A trauma medical home, evaluating collaborative care for the older injured patient: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Ortiz, D., Meagher, A. D., Lindroth, H. L., Holler, E., Gao, S., Khan, B. A., Lasiter, S., Boustani, M. A., & Zarzaur, B. L. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-020-04582-x · Cited by 14
Vocal acoustic features may be objective biomarkers of negative symptoms in schizophrenia: A cross-sectional study
Zhao, Q., Wang, W., Fan, H., Li, D., Li, Y., Zhao, Y., Tian, Z.-X., Wang, Z., Tan, Y., & Tan, S. (2022) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2022.11.013 · Cited by 14
Association Between Antenatal Depression Symptom Trajectories and Preterm Birth
Sakowicz, A., Allen, E. C., Alvarado-Goldberg, M. I., Grobman, W. A., & Miller, E. S. (2023) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0000000000005125 · Cited by 18
The association between adverse childhood experiences and perinatal depression symptom trajectories
Allen, E. C., Goslawski, M., Taple, B. J., Sakowicz, A., Alvarado-Goldberg, M. I., & Miller, E. S. (2023) · American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM · doi:10.1016/j.ajogmf.2023.101039 · Cited by 17
Long-term psychological impact of the pandemic COVID-19: Identification of high-risk groups and assessment of precautionary measures five months after the first wave of restrictions was lifted
Solomou, I., Nikolaou, F., Michaelides, M. P., & Constantinidou, F. (2024) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0002847 · Cited by 16
Efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral digital therapeutic on psychosocial outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis: randomized controlled trial
Betz, L. T., Jacob, G. A., Knitza, J., Köhm, M., & Behrens, F. (2024) · npj Mental Health Research · doi:10.1038/s44184-024-00085-8 · Cited by 17
A qualitative study of the mental health outcomes in people being treated for obesity and type 2 diabetes with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists
Pierret, A. C. S., Benton, M., Gupta, P. S., & Ismail, K. (2024) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-024-02392-0 · Cited by 19
Improving Care for Depression: Performance Measures, Outcomes and Insights from the Health Disparities Collaboratives
Cole, S., Reims, K., Kershner, L., McCombs, H. G., Little, K., & Ford, D. E. (2012) · Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved · doi:10.1353/hpu.2012.0138 · Cited by 14
Family members’ or friends’ involvement in self-care for patients with depressive symptoms and co-morbid chronic conditions
Sussman, T., McCusker, J., Yaffe⃰, M. J., Belzile, É., Sewitch, M. J., Cole, M. G., & Strumpf, E. (2016) · Chronic Illness · doi:10.1177/1742395316633510 · Cited by 14
Solution-Focused Brief Therapy for Individuals With Alcohol Use Disorders in Chile
Suitt, K. G., Geraldo, P., Estay, M., & Franklin, C. (2017) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731517740958 · Cited by 15
Depression in Rural Communities and Primary Care Clinics in Chiapas, Mexico
Elliott, M. L., Aguerrebere, M., & Elliott, P. F. (2019) · Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health · doi:10.2991/jegh.k.181128.001 · Cited by 14
Feasibility and Efficacy of Delivering Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Through an Online Psychotherapy Tool for Depression: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
Alavi, N., Stephenson, C., Yang, M., Kumar, A., Shao, Y., Miller, S., Yee, C. S., Stefatos, A., Gholamzadehmir, M., Abbaspour, Z., et al. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/27489 · Cited by 15
Developing an explanatory theoretical model for engagement with a web-based mental health platform: results of a mixed methods study
Gordon, D., Hensel, J. M., Bouck, Z., Desveaux, L., Soobiah, C., Saragosa, M., Jeffs, L. P., Bhatia, S., & Shaw, J. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03391-z · Cited by 15
Using comprehensive geriatric assessment for older adults undertaking a facility-based transition care program to evaluate functional outcomes: a feasibility study
Wong, Y. G., Hang, J., Francis‐Coad, J., & Hill, A. (2022) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-022-03255-5 · Cited by 14
Digital psychosocial intervention for depression among older adults in socioeconomically deprived areas in Brazil (PRODIGITAL-D): protocol for an individually randomised controlled trial
Nakamura, C. A., Scazufca, M., Moretti, F. A., Didone, T. V. N., Martins, M. M. D. S., Pereira, L. A., de Souza, C. H. Q., de Oliveira, G. M., da Costa, M. O., Machado, M., et al. (2022) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-06623-z · Cited by 14
Depression, anxiety, and resilience during COVID‐19 in Dutch patients with cystic fibrosis or primary ciliary dyskinesia and their caregivers
Noij, L. C. E., Haarman, E. G., Hashimoto, S., Terheggen‐Lagro, S. W. J., Altenburg, J., Twisk, J. W. R., & Verkleij, M. (2023) · Pediatric Pulmonology · doi:10.1002/ppul.26427 · Cited by 14
Determinants of Change in Quality of Life in the Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study in Elderly (CIBIS-ELD)
Scherer, M., Düngen, H., Inkrot, S., Tahirović, E., Lashki, D. J., Apostolovic, S. R., Edelmann, F., Wachter, R., Loncar, G., Haverkamp, W., et al. (2013) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2013.01.003 · Cited by 14
Determinants of National Guard Mental Health Service Utilization in VA versus Non‐ VA Settings
Gorman, L. A., Sripada, R. K., Ganoczy, D. A., Walters, H., Bohnert, K. M., Dalack, G. W., & Valenstein, M. M. (2016) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6773.12446 · Cited by 14
A pragmatic randomized control trial and realist evaluation on the implementation and effectiveness of an internet application to support self-management among individuals seeking specialized mental health care: a study protocol
Hensel, J. M., Shaw, J., Jeffs, L. P., Ivers, N. M., Desveaux, L., Cohen, A., Agarwal, P., Wodchis, W. P., Tepper, J. D., Larsen, D., et al. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-1057-5 · Cited by 15
Examining the benefits and harms of Alzheimer’s disease screening for family members of older adults: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Fowler, N. R., Head, K. J., Perkins, A. J., Gao, S., Callahan, C. M., Bakas, T., Suarez, S., & Boustani, M. A. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-019-4029-5 · Cited by 14
Self-citation
Depression screening using patient-targeted feedback in general practices: study protocol of the German multicentre GET.FEEDBACK.GP randomised controlled trial
Kohlmann, S., Lehmann, M., Eisele, M., Braunschneider, L., Marx, G., Zapf, A., Wegscheider, K., Härter, M. C., König, H., Gallinat, J., et al. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035973 · Cited by 14
Self-citation
Use of Orexigenic Medications in Geriatric Patients
Thomas, D. R. (2011) · The American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.amjopharm.2011.04.001 · Cited by 14
A machine learning model using clinical notes to estimate PHQ-9 symptom severity scores in depressed patients
Alves, P., Marci, C. D., Cohen-Stavi, C. J., Whelan, K. M., & Boussios, C. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.01.152 · Cited by 17
Innovating Care for Postmenopausal Women Using a Digital Approach for Pelvic Floor Dysfunctions: Prospective Longitudinal Cohort Study
Pereira, A. P. D., Janela, D., Areias, A. C., Molinos, M., Tong, X., Bento, V., Yanamadala, V., Atherton, J., Correia, F. D., & Costa, F. M. T. A. (2025) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/68242 · Cited by 15
Technology-Facilitated Depression Self-Management Linked with Lay Supporters and Primary Care Clinics: Randomized Controlled Trial in a Low-Income Sample
Aikens, J. E., Valenstein, M. M., Plegue, M. A., Sen, A., Marinec, N. S., Achtyes, E. D., & Piette, J. D. (2021) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2021.0042 · Cited by 12
Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial assessing the impact of pulmonary rehabilitation on maximal exercise capacity for adults living with post-TB lung disease: Global RECHARGE Uganda
Katagira, W., Orme, M. W., Jones, A., Kasiita, R., Jones, R. C. M., Barton, A., Miah, R. B., Manise, A., Matheson, J. A., Free, R. C., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047641 · Cited by 14
The Cantril Ladder as a Measure of Well-Being and Life Satisfaction Among Refugee Youth Experiencing Symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress
Mohammed, S. E. E., & Warner, G. (2023) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-023-01563-5 · Cited by 17
Reduced Inhibition of Return to Food Images in Obese Individuals
Carters, M. A., Rieger, E., & Bell, J. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137821 · Cited by 16
Evaluation of the teaching recovery techniques community-based intervention for accompanied refugee children experiencing post-traumatic stress symptoms (Accompanied refugeeS In Sweden Trial; ASsIST): study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial
Warner, G., Durbeej, N., Salari, R., Fängström, K., Lampa, E., Baghdasaryan, Z., Osman, F., Löfving, S. G., Aronsson, A., Feldman, I., et al. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035459 · Cited by 13
Review of the Internal Structure, Psychometric Properties, and Measurement Invariance of the Work-Related Rumination Scale – Spanish Version
Rosario-Hernández, E., Rovira-Millán, L. V., & Merino‐Soto, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.774472 · Cited by 15
Distinct predictors of short- versus long-term depression outcomes following electroconvulsive therapy
Mickey, B. J., Ginsburg, Y., Jensen, E., & Maixner, D. F. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.12.028 · Cited by 13
Trajectories of depression symptoms in a therapist-supported digital mental health intervention: a repeated measures latent profile analysis
Peiper, N. C., Nelson, B. W., Aschbacher, K., & Forman‐Hoffman, V. L. (2023) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-022-02402-y · Cited by 11
A co-produced self-management programme improves psychosocial outcomes for people living with depression
Turner, A., Realpe, A. X., WALLACE, L. M., & Anderson, J. (2015) · Mental Health Review Journal · doi:10.1108/mhrj-05-2014-0017 · Cited by 15
Cancer and depression
Simon, A. E., Palmer, S. C., & Coyne, J. C. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511544293.011 · Cited by 13
Postdeployment Suicide Risk Increases Over a 6‐month Period: Predictors of Increased Risk among Midwestern Army National Guard Soldiers
Kim, H., Levine, D. S., Pfeiffer, P. N., Blow, A., Marchiondo, C., Walters, H. M., & Valenstein, M. (2017) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behaviour · doi:10.1111/sltb.12303 · Cited by 14
The development of a change model of “exits” during cognitive analytic therapy for the treatment of depression
Sandhu, S. K., Kellett, S., & Hardy, G. E. (2017) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2090 · Cited by 13
Phase II trial of a depression self-care intervention for adult cancer survivors
McCusker, J., Yaffe⃰, M. J., Faria, R., Lambert, S., Li, M., Poirier-Bisson, J., Magalhaes, M., & de Raad, M. (2017) · European Journal of Cancer Care · doi:10.1111/ecc.12763 · Cited by 13
Patient-reported allergies predict postoperative outcomes and psychosomatic markers after spine surgery
Xiong, D. D., Ye, W., Xiao, R., Miller, J. A., Mroz, T. E., Steinmetz, M. P., Nagel, S. J., & Machado, A. G. (2018) · The Spine Journal · doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2018.05.032 · Cited by 13
Denver Spirited Heart
Hooker, S. A., Ross, K. M., Masters, K. S., Park, C. L., Hale, A. E., Allen, L. A., & Bekelman, D. B. (2016) · The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1097/jcn.0000000000000337 · Cited by 13
Incidental findings in whole-body MR imaging of a population-based cohort study: Frequency, management and psychosocial consequences
Schlett, C. L., Rospleszcz, S., Korbmacher, D., Lorbeer, R., Auweter, S., Hetterich, H., Selder, S., Heier, M., Linkohr, B., Weckbach, S., et al. (2020) · European Journal of Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.109451 · Cited by 12
The Validation of Automated Social Skills Training in Members of the General Population Over 4 Weeks: Comparative Study
Tanaka, H., Saga, T., Iwauchi, K., Honda, M., Morimoto, T., Matsuda, Y., Uratani, M., Okazaki, K., & Nakamura, S. (2023) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/44857 · Cited by 14
Comparison Between Burden of Care Partners of Individuals with Alzheimer’s Disease Versus Individuals with Other Chronic Diseases
Demirbas, M., Hahn‐Pedersen, J. H., & Jørgensen, H. L. (2023) · Neurology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40120-023-00493-6 · Cited by 13
Impact of depersonalization on the course of depression: longitudinal observations from the gutenberg health study
Michal, M., Wiltink, J., Tibubos, A. N., Wild, P. S., Münzel, T. F., Lackner, K. J., Pfeiffer, N., König, J., Gieswinkel, A., Beutel, M. E., et al. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05658-7 · Cited by 12

Authors: L??we, B., Un??tzer, J., Callahan, C. M., Perkins, A. J., & Kroenke, K.
Affiliations: Regenstrief Institute (US)
ORCID: Callahan, Christopher M.
Perkins, Anthony J.
Kroenke, Kurt
Venue: Medical Care
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2004-12
Volume: 42
Issue: 12
Pages: 1194-1201
ISSN: 0025-7079 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/00005650-200412000-00006
OpenAlex: W2049265876
Cited by: 1,354
References: 45
Citations by year: 2026: 89 · 2025: 103 · 2024: 92 · 2023: 101 · 2022: 114 · 2021: 117 · 2020: 84 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 71 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 65 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 60 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 57
FWCI: 27.21
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Medical Care (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
Keywords: PHQ-9, geriatric depression, treatment outcome monitoring, treatment response, test-retest reliability, minimal clinically important difference, remission, primary care depression, impact studies
MeSH terms: Aged, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Male, Primary Health Care, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Quality of Life, Surveys and Questionnaires, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Sickness Impact Profile, Dysthymic Disorder, Self Efficacy, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Monitoring Depression Treatment Outcomes With the Patient Health Questionnaire-9

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks