The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Consistent sex differences in cortisol responses to psychological stress.
Abstract
In four independent studies, sex differences in cortisol responses to psychological stress were investigated in healthy adolescents and adults (total n = 153). Public speaking and mental arithmetic in front of an audience (Studies 1-3) reliably induced increases in free cortisol levels in both sexes with 2- to 4-fold increases above baseline levels. Mean cortisol responses were 1.5- to 2-fold higher in men compared with women. In Study 3, cortisol profiles were additionally investigated after human corticotropin-releasing hormone (h-CRH) and bicycle ergometry until exhaustion. Here, both sexes showed very similar adrenocortical responses. Furthermore, men showed elevated cortisol levels in anticipation of the psychological stress situation without actually having to perform the tasks (Study 4). Under this condition cortisol concentration was unchanged or decreased in women. From these data we conclude that the observed sex difference does not reflect an overall lower responsiveness of the female adrenal cortex. Although these studies do not provide conclusive data, we suggest sex differences in cognitive and/or emotional responses to distressing psychosocial situations which in turn may influence cortisol secretion.
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“These anticipatory changes imply that physiological reactions are suboptimal without the circa-dian system appropriately priming or dampening responses based on time of day or night, perhaps because delays exist in some negative-feedback control systems (e.g., maximal release of cortisol after an acute stress can take up to 10 minutes; ref. 19).”
From Role of the circadian system in cardiovascular disease (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
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Physiological functions of glucocorticoids in stress and their relation to pharmacological actions
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Salivary Cortisol in Psychobiological Research: An Overview
Kirschbaum, C., & Hellhammer, D. H. (2008) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000118611 · Cited by 1,532
Self-citationDressendörfer, R. A., Kirschbaum, C., Rohde, W., Stahl, F., & Strasburger, C. J. (1992) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0960-0760(92)90294-s · Cited by 882
Self-citationSternberg, E. M., Hill, J. M., Chrousos, G. P., Kamilaris, T., Listwak, S. J., Gold, P. W., & Wilder, R. L. (1989) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.86.7.2374 · Cited by 723
SEX DIFFERENCES IN ADRENAL CORTICAL SECRETION IN THE RAT1
KITAY, J. I. (1961) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-68-5-818 · Cited by 525
Sex difference in resting pituitary-adrenal function in the rat
Critchlow, V., Liebelt, R. A., Bar-Sela, M., Mountcastle, W., & Lipscomb, H. S. (1963) · American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content · doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1963.205.5.807 · Cited by 499
Steroids in Saliva for Assessing Endocrine Function
Riad-Fahmy, D., Read, G. F., WALKER, R. F., & Griffiths, K. (1982) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv-3-4-367 · Cited by 426
Parkes, K. R. (1990) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.75.4.399 · Cited by 414
Salivary cortisol measurement: a practical approach to assess pituitary-adrenal function.
LAUDAT, M. H., CERDAS, S., FOURNIER, C., GUIBAN, D., GUILHAUME, B., & LUTON, J. P. (1988) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-66-2-343 · Cited by 393
Sex Differences in Physiological Responses to Stress and in Coronary Heart Disease: A Causal Link?
Stoney, C. M., Davis, M. C., & Matthews, K. A. (1987) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1987.tb00264.x · Cited by 339
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Dickerson, S. S., & Kemeny, M. E. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.355 · Cited by 5,881
Marriage and health: His and hers
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., & Newton, T. L. (2001) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.127.4.472 · Cited by 2,460
Salivary cortisol in psychoneuroendocrine research: recent developments and applications
Kirschbaum, C., & Hellhammer, D. H. (1994) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/0306-4530(94)90013-2 · Cited by 2,107
Self-citationKirschbaum, C., Kudielka, B. M., Gaab, J., Schommer, N. C., & Hellhammer, D. H. (1999) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199903000-00006 · Cited by 1,890
Self-citationSex differences in HPA axis responses to stress: a review
Kudielka, B. M., & Kirschbaum, C. (2005) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.11.009 · Cited by 1,624
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kirschbaum, C., Wüst, S., & Hellhammer, D.
- Affiliations
- Universität Trier (DE)
- Venue
- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Published
- 1992-11
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 648-657
- ISSN
- 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1978823883
- Cited by
- 730
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 3.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Keywords
- sex differences, cortisol, psychological stress, adrenocortical response, public speaking, mental arithmetic, anticipatory stress, corticotropin-releasing factor, cycle ergometry, psychosocial stress
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Arousal, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Male, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Reference Values, Saliva, Sex Factors, Social Environment, Stress, Psychological, Verbal Behavior
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