Cited by 730Stress Responses and CortisolAdrenal Hormones and DisordersEvolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Consistent sex differences in cortisol responses to psychological stress.

Kirschbaum, C, Wüst, S, Hellhammer, D·1992·Psychosomatic Medicine

DOI 10.1097/00006842-199211000-00004

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

In four independent studies, sex differences in cortisol responses to psychological stress were investigated in healthy adolescents and adults (total n = 153). Public speaking and mental arithmetic in front of an audience (Studies 1-3) reliably induced increases in free cortisol levels in both sexes with 2- to 4-fold increases above baseline levels. Mean cortisol responses were 1.5- to 2-fold higher in men compared with women. In Study 3, cortisol profiles were additionally investigated after human corticotropin-releasing hormone (h-CRH) and bicycle ergometry until exhaustion. Here, both sexes showed very similar adrenocortical responses. Furthermore, men showed elevated cortisol levels in anticipation of the psychological stress situation without actually having to perform the tasks (Study 4). Under this condition cortisol concentration was unchanged or decreased in women. From these data we conclude that the observed sex difference does not reflect an overall lower responsiveness of the female adrenal cortex. Although these studies do not provide conclusive data, we suggest sex differences in cognitive and/or emotional responses to distressing psychosocial situations which in turn may influence cortisol secretion.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1097/00006842-199211000-00004

Cites

45 of 45 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Physiological functions of glucocorticoids in stress and their relation to pharmacological actions
MUNCK, A., GUYRE, P. M., & HOLBROOK, N. J. (1984) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv-5-1-25 · Cited by 3,083
Salivary Cortisol in Psychobiological Research: An Overview
Kirschbaum, C., & Hellhammer, D. H. (2008) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000118611 · Cited by 1,532
Self-citation
Synthesis of a cortisol–biotin conjugate and evaluation as a tracer in an immunoassay for salivary cortisol measurement
Dressendörfer, R. A., Kirschbaum, C., Rohde, W., Stahl, F., & Strasburger, C. J. (1992) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0960-0760(92)90294-s · Cited by 882
Self-citation
Inflammatory mediator-induced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation is defective in streptococcal cell wall arthritis-susceptible Lewis rats.
Sternberg, E. M., Hill, J. M., Chrousos, G. P., Kamilaris, T., Listwak, S. J., Gold, P. W., & Wilder, R. L. (1989) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.86.7.2374 · Cited by 723
SEX DIFFERENCES IN ADRENAL CORTICAL SECRETION IN THE RAT1
KITAY, J. I. (1961) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-68-5-818 · Cited by 525
Sex difference in resting pituitary-adrenal function in the rat
Critchlow, V., Liebelt, R. A., Bar-Sela, M., Mountcastle, W., & Lipscomb, H. S. (1963) · American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content · doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1963.205.5.807 · Cited by 499
Steroids in Saliva for Assessing Endocrine Function
Riad-Fahmy, D., Read, G. F., WALKER, R. F., & Griffiths, K. (1982) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv-3-4-367 · Cited by 426
Coping, negative affectivity, and the work environment: Additive and interactive predictors of mental health.
Parkes, K. R. (1990) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.75.4.399 · Cited by 414
Salivary cortisol measurement: a practical approach to assess pituitary-adrenal function.
LAUDAT, M. H., CERDAS, S., FOURNIER, C., GUIBAN, D., GUILHAUME, B., & LUTON, J. P. (1988) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-66-2-343 · Cited by 393
Sex Differences in Physiological Responses to Stress and in Coronary Heart Disease: A Causal Link?
Stoney, C. M., Davis, M. C., & Matthews, K. A. (1987) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1987.tb00264.x · Cited by 339

Show all 45 references

Sorted by citations

Acute stressors and cortisol responses: a theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research
Dickerson, S. S., & Kemeny, M. E. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.355 · Cited by 5,881
Marriage and health: His and hers
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., & Newton, T. L. (2001) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.127.4.472 · Cited by 2,460
Salivary cortisol in psychoneuroendocrine research: recent developments and applications
Kirschbaum, C., & Hellhammer, D. H. (1994) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/0306-4530(94)90013-2 · Cited by 2,107
Self-citation
Impact of Gender, Menstrual Cycle Phase, and Oral Contraceptives on the Activity of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
Kirschbaum, C., Kudielka, B. M., Gaab, J., Schommer, N. C., & Hellhammer, D. H. (1999) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199903000-00006 · Cited by 1,890
Self-citation
Sex differences in HPA axis responses to stress: a review
Kudielka, B. M., & Kirschbaum, C. (2005) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.11.009 · Cited by 1,624
Self-citation
Free Cortisol Levels after Awakening: A Reliable Biological Marker for the Assessment of Adrenocortical Activity
Pruessner, J. C., Wolf, O. T., Hellhammer, D. H., Buske-Kirschbaum, A., von Auer, K., Jobst, S., Kaspers, F., & Kirschbaum, C. (1997) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(97)01008-4 · Cited by 1,450
Self-citation
Brave men and timid women? A review of the gender differences in fear and anxiety
McLean, C. P., & Anderson, E. R. (2009) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.05.003 · Cited by 1,149
The effects of sex and hormonal status on the physiological response to acute psychosocial stress
Kajantie, E., & Phillips, D. I. W. (2006) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.07.002 · Cited by 1,035
Why do we respond so differently? Reviewing determinants of human salivary cortisol responses to challenge
Kudielka, B. M., Hellhammer, D. H., & Wüst, S. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.10.004 · Cited by 963
Self-citation
HPA axis responses to laboratory psychosocial stress in healthy elderly adults, younger adults, and children: impact of age and gender
Kudielka, B. M., Buske-Kirschbaum, A., Hellhammer, D. H., & Kirschbaum, C. (2004) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(02)00146-4 · Cited by 851
Self-citation
Sex differences in stress responses: social rejection versus achievement stress
Stroud, L. R., Salovey, P., & Epel, E. S. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01333-1 · Cited by 797
Biological and psychological markers of stress in humans: Focus on the Trier Social Stress Test
Allen, A. P., Kennedy, P. J., Cryan, J. F., Dinan, T. G., & Clarke, G. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.11.005 · Cited by 734
Attenuated free cortisol response to psychosocial stress in children with atopic dermatitis
Buske-Kirschbaum, A., Jobst, S., Wustmans, A., Kirschbaum, C., Rauh, W., & Hellhammer, D. (1997) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199707000-00012 · Cited by 696
Developmental changes in hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal activity over the transition to adolescence: normative changes and associations with puberty
Gunnar, M. R., Wewerka, S., Frenn, K., Long, J. D., & Griggs, C. (2009) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579409000054 · Cited by 668
Persistent high cortisol responses to repeated psychological stress in a subpopulation of healthy men
Kirschbaum, C., Prussner, J. C., Stone, A. A., Federenko, I., Gaab, J., Lintz, D., Schommer, N., & Hellhammer, D. H. (1995) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199509000-00009 · Cited by 666
Self-citation
Inducing physiological stress recovery with sounds of nature in a virtual reality forest — results from a pilot study
Annerstedt, M., Jönsson, P., Wallergård, M., Johansson, G., Karlson, B., Grahn, P., Hansen, Å. M., & Währborg, P. (2013) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.05.023 · Cited by 647
The Trier Social Stress Test: Principles and practice
Allen, A. P., Kennedy, P. J., Dockray, S., Cryan, J. F., Dinan, T. G., & Clarke, G. (2017) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2016.11.001 · Cited by 525
Psychological determinants of the cortisol stress response: the role of anticipatory cognitive appraisal
Gaab, J., Rohleder, N., Nater, U. M., & Ehlert, U. (2005) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.02.001 · Cited by 525
The effects of acute stress on episodic memory: A meta-analysis and integrative review.
Shields, G. S., Sazma, M. A., McCullough, A. M., & Yonelinas, A. P. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000100 · Cited by 450
Role of the circadian system in cardiovascular disease
Thosar, S. S., Butler, M. P., & Shea, S. A. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci80590 · Cited by 443
Job strain and anger expression predict early morning elevations in salivary cortisol
Steptoe, A., Cropley, M., Griffith, J., & Kirschbaum, C. (2000) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200003000-00022 · Cited by 365
Self-citation
Gender differences in irritable bowel syndrome
Chang, L., & Heitkemper, M. M. (2002) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/gast.2002.36603 · Cited by 351
Individual differences in the diurnal cycle of cortisol
Smyth, J. M., Ockenfels, M. C., Gorin, A. A., Catley, D., Porter, L. S., Kirschbaum, C., Hellhammer, D. H., & Stone, A. A. (1997) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(96)00039-x · Cited by 350
Self-citation
Noninvasive assessment of adrenal activity associated with husbandry and behavioral factors in the North American clouded leopard population
Wielebnowski, N. C., Fletchall, N., Carlstead, K., Busso, J. M., & Brown, J. L. (2002) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.10005 · Cited by 344
Loneliness and cortisol: Momentary, day-to-day, and trait associations
Doane, L. D., & Adam, E. K. (2010) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.08.005 · Cited by 342
Abuse-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Alterations of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Women With Chronic Pelvic Pain
Heim, C., Ehlert, U., Hanker, J. P., & Hellhammer, D. H. (1998) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199805000-00017 · Cited by 309
Self-citation
Does singing promote well-being?: An empirical study of professional and amateur singers during a singing lesson
Grape, C., Sandgren, M., Hansson, L.-O., Ericson, M., & Theorell, T. (2002) · Integrative Physiological & Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/bf02734261 · Cited by 306
Sex differences in glucocorticoid sensitivity of proinflammatory cytokine production after psychosocial stress
Rohleder, N., Schommer, N. C., Hellhammer, D. H., Engel, R., & Kirschbaum, C. (2001) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200111000-00016 · Cited by 276
Self-citation
Sex differences in salivary cortisol reactivity to the trier social stress test (TSST): a meta-analysis
Liu, J. J. W., Ein, N., Peck, K., Huang, V., Pruessner, J. C., & Vickers, K. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.04.007 · Cited by 274
Gender differences in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity
Uhart, M., Chong, R. Y., Oswald, L., Lin, P.-I., & Wand, G. S. (2006) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.02.003 · Cited by 274
A transdisciplinary perspective of chronic stress in relation to psychopathology throughout life span development
Juster, R.-P., Bizik, G., Picard, M., Arsenault-Lapierre, G., Sindi, S., Trepanier, L., Marin, M.-F., Wan, N., Sekerovic, Z., Lord, C., et al. (2011) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579411000289 · Cited by 268
The Role of Estrogen in Brain and Cognitive Aging
Russell, J. K., Jones, C. K., & Newhouse, P. A. (2019) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-019-00766-9 · Cited by 257
Low self-esteem, induced failure and the adrenocortical stress response
Pruessner, J. C., Hellhammer, D. H., & Kirschbaum, C. (1999) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(98)00256-6 · Cited by 207
Self-citation
Untitled work
(2006) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2006.03.005 · Cited by 213
Impacts of stress and sex hormones on dopamine neurotransmission in the adolescent brain
Sinclair, D., Purves-Tyson, T. D., Allen, K. M., & Weickert, C. S. (2014) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3415-z · Cited by 191
The Yale Interpersonal Stressor (YIPS): Affective, physiological, and behavioral responses to a novel interpersonal rejection paradigm
Stroud, L. R., Tanofsky-Kraff, M., Wilfley, D. E., & Salovey, P. (2000) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf02895115 · Cited by 184
Impaired serum cortisol stress response is a predictor of early relapse
Junghanns, K. (2003) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agg052 · Cited by 166
Testosterone suppression of CRH-stimulated cortisol in men
Rubinow, D. R., Roca, C. A., Schmidt, P. J., Danaceau, M. A., Putnam, K., Cizza, G., Chrousos, G., & Nieman, L. (2005) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300742 · Cited by 163
Sex Differences in Molecular and Cellular Substrates of Stress
Bangasser, D. A., & Valentino, R. J. (2012) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-012-9824-4 · Cited by 160
Delayed response and lack of habituation in plasma interleukin-6 to acute mental stress in men
von Känel, R., Kudielka, B. M., Preckel, D., Hanebuth, D., & Fischer, J. E. (2006) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2005.03.013 · Cited by 158
Psychobiological Processes of Stress and Coping: Implications for Resilience in Children and Adolescents—Comments on the Papers of Romeo & McEwen and Fisher et al.
COMPAS, B. E. (2006) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1376.024 · Cited by 154
Early Pubertal Maturation and Internalizing Problems in Adolescence: Sex Differences in the Role of Cortisol Reactivity to Interpersonal Stress
Natsuaki, M. N., Klimes-Dougan, B., Ge, X., Shirtcliff, E. A., Hastings, P. D., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410902976320 · Cited by 145
Salivary Cortisol Levels and Stress Reactivity in Human Aging
Nicolson, N., Storms, C., Ponds, R., & Sulon, J. (1997) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/52a.2.m68 · Cited by 139
Sex- and Gender-Related Differences in Common Functional Gastroenterologic Disorders
Narayanan, S. P., Anderson, B., & Bharucha, A. E. (2021) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.10.004 · Cited by 131
Cortisol secretion in depressed, and at-risk adults
Dienes, K. A., Hazel, N. A., & Hammen, C. L. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.09.019 · Cited by 128
Sex differences in neonatal stress reactivity
Davis, M., & Emory, E. (1995) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00852.x · Cited by 138
Age-Dependent and Gender-Dependent Regulation of Hypothalamic-Adrenocorticotropic-Adrenal Axis
Veldhuis, J. D., Sharma, A., & Roelfsema, F. (2013) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2013.02.002 · Cited by 110
Modeling neuroendocrine stress reactivity in salivary cortisol: adjusting for peak latency variability
Lopez-Duran, N. L., Mayer, S. E., & Abelson, J. L. (2014) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890.2014.915517 · Cited by 85
Sex, stress and steroids
Sze, Y., & Brunton, P. J. (2020) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14615 · Cited by 85
Sex differences in the functional connectivity of the amygdalae in association with cortisol
Kogler, L., Müller, V. I., Seidel, E.-M., Boubela, R., Kalcher, K., Moser, E., Habel, U., Gur, R. C., Eickhoff, S. B., & Derntl, B. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.03.064 · Cited by 78
Nonsuicidal self-injury and suicidal behaviors in girls: The case for targeted prevention in preadolescence
Beauchaine, T. P., Hinshaw, S. P., & Bridge, J. A. (2019) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702618818474 · Cited by 80
Education modulates cortisol reactivity to the Trier Social Stress Test in middle-aged adults
Fiocco, A. J., Joober, R., & Lupien, S. J. (2007) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.08.008 · Cited by 75
Social strain and cortisol regulation in midlife in the US
Friedman, E. M., Karlamangla, A. S., Almeida, D. M., & Seeman, T. E. (2012) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.003 · Cited by 71
Neuroticism magnifies the detrimental association between social media addiction symptoms and wellbeing in women, but not in men: a three-way moderation model
Turel, O., Poppa, N. “., & Gil-Or, O. (2018) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-018-9563-x · Cited by 63
One left dorsolateral prefrontal cortical HF-rTMS session attenuates HPA-system sensitivity to critical feedback in healthy females
Baeken, C., Vanderhasselt, M. A., Remue, J., Rossi, V., Schiettecatte, J., Anckaert, E., & De Raedt, R. (2014) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.02.019 · Cited by 63
Expensive egos: narcissistic males have higher cortisol.
Reinhard, D. A., Konrath, S. H., Lopez, W. D., & Cameron, H. G. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030858 · Cited by 61
Low salivary cortisol levels among socially anxious young adults: preliminary evidence from a selected and a non-selected sample
Beaton, E. A., Schmidt, L. A., Ashbaugh, A. R., Santesso, D. L., Antony, M. M., McCabe, R. E., Segalowitz, S. J., & Schulkin, J. (2006) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.02.020 · Cited by 61
Stress-induced dopamine release in human medial prefrontal cortex-18F-Fallypride/PET study in healthy volunteers: Stress-Induced Dopamine Release in m PFC
Nagano-Saito, A., Dagher, A., Booij, L., Gravel, P., Welfeld, K., Casey, K. F., Leyton, M., & Benkelfat, C. (2013) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.21700 · Cited by 60
Response to oCRH in depressed and nondepressed adolescents: does gender make a difference?
DORN, L. D., BURGESS, E. S., SUSMAN, E. J., von EYE, A., DeBELLIS, M. D., GOLD, P. W., & CHROUSOS, G. P. (1996) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199606000-00016 · Cited by 56
Sex differences in cortisol excretion during anticipation of a psychological stressor: possible support for the tend-and-befriend hypothesis
Ennis, M., Kelly, K. S., & Lambert, P. L. (2001) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.904 · Cited by 37
Habituation of the biological response to repeated psychosocial stress: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Barthel, M.-C., Fricke, K., Muehlhan, M., Vogel, S., & Alexander, N. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105996 · Cited by 34
“Bearing in mind that men are generally characterized by a stronger cortisol stress reactivity to the TSST (Kirschbaum et al., 1992), a greater response to the first TSST may have driven the larger capacity to habituate in subsequent exposures (see Wüst et al., 2005).”
Glucocorticoids Turn Over Slowly in Human Adipose Tissue in Vivo
Hughes, K. A., Reynolds, R. M., Andrew, R., Critchley, H. O. D., & Walker, B. R. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2010-0384 · Cited by 32
Altered circadian patterns of salivary cortisol in individuals with schizophrenia: A critical literature review
Coulon, N., Brailly-Tabard, S., Walter, M., & Tordjman, S. (2016) · Journal of Physiology-Paris · doi:10.1016/j.jphysparis.2017.05.002 · Cited by 28
Cortisol slopes and conflict: A spouse’s perceived stress matters
Shrout, M. R., Renna, M. E., Madison, A. A., Jaremka, L. M., Fagundes, C. P., Malarkey, W. B., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104839 · Cited by 27
Impact of values clarification on cortisol reactivity to an acute stressor
Gregg, J. A., Namekata, M. S., Louie, W. A., & Chancellor-Freeland, C. (2014) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2014.08.002 · Cited by 23
A randomised placebo controlled clinical trial on the efficacy of Caralluma fimbriata supplement for reducing anxiety and stress in healthy adults over eight weeks
Kell, G., Rao, A., & Katsikitis, M. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.062 · Cited by 17
Box breathing and prolonged exhalation reduces markers of physiological stress reactivity in response to a virtual trier social stress test
McAllister, M. J., Martaindale, M. H., Sutton, N., & Andersen, J. P. (2026) · Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.cpnec.2026.100360 · Cited by 2
“Given well-documented sex differences in HPA axis reactivity and autonomic regulation [25], future studies should be explicitly powered to test sex as a moderating variable.”

Authors: Kirschbaum, C., Wüst, S., & Hellhammer, D.
Affiliations: Universität Trier (DE)
ORCID: Kirschbaum, C
Wüst, S
Hellhammer, D
Venue: Psychosomatic Medicine
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 1992-11
Volume: 54
Issue: 6
Pages: 648-657
ISSN: 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/00006842-199211000-00004
OpenAlex: W1978823883
Cited by: 730
References: 45
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 29
FWCI: 3.14
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
Keywords: sex differences, cortisol, psychological stress, adrenocortical response, public speaking, mental arithmetic, anticipatory stress, corticotropin-releasing factor, cycle ergometry, psychosocial stress
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Arousal, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Male, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Reference Values, Saliva, Sex Factors, Social Environment, Stress, Psychological, Verbal Behavior

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Consistent sex differences in cortisol responses to psychological stress.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks