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Cited by 2,107Stress Responses and CortisolAdrenal Hormones and DisordersAnimal Behavior and Welfare Studies

Salivary cortisol in psychoneuroendocrine research: recent developments and applications

Kirschbaum, Clemens, Hellhammer, Dirk H.·1994·Psychoneuroendocrinology
DOI 10.1016/0306-4530(94)90013-2
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Abstract

The assessment of cortisol in saliva has proven a valid and reliable reflection of the respective unbound hormone in blood. To date, assessment of cortisol in saliva is a widely accepted and frequently employed method in psychoneuroendocrinology. Due to several advantages over blood cortisol analyses (e.g., stress-free sampling, laboratory independence, lower costs) saliva cortisol assessment can be the method of choice in basic research and clinical environments. The determination of cortisol in saliva can facilitate stress studies including newborns and infants and replace blood sampling for diagnostic endocrine tests like the dexamethasone suppression test. The present paper provides an up-to-date overview of recent methodological developments, novel applications as well as a discussion of possible future applications of salivary cortisol determination.

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Crossref · 10.1016/0306-4530(94)90013-2

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  • Cortisol is the main effector of the HPA axis and its concentration is measured as an index for HPA axis activation.

    “The main effector of the HPA axis is the so-called ‘stress’ hormone cortisol; its concentration is measured and evaluated in order to have an index for HPA axis activation [14,15].”

    From The Effect of Music on the Human Stress Response (2013) · cites this paper as [14]

  • Cortisol is a hormone associated with emotional stress and a valid measure for hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis activity.

    “For example, it appears to be well-established that cortisol (CORT) is a hormone associated with emotional stress and a valid measure for hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA) activity (Kirschbaum and Hellhammer, 1994).”

    From Psychobiological Effects of Choral Singing on Affective State, Social Connectedness, and Stress: Influences of Singing Activity and Time Course (2018) · cites this paper as Kirschbaum and Hellhammer, 1994

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Authors
Kirschbaum, C., & Hellhammer, D. H.
Affiliations
Universität Trier (DE)
Corresponding author
Hellhammer, Dirk H.
ORCID
Venue
Psychoneuroendocrinology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
1994-01
Volume
19
Issue
4
Pages
313-333
ISSN
0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/0306-4530(94)90013-2
OpenAlex
W2000150063
Cited by
2,107
References
89
Citations by year
2026: 33 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 75 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 118 · 2019: 83 · 2018: 73 · 2017: 90 · 2016: 84 · 2015: 91 · 2014: 102 · 2013: 100 · 2012: 101
FWCI
2.39
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
  • Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
Keywords
salivary cortisol, cortisol measurement, stress measurement, dexamethasone suppression test, infants, neonates, non-invasive sampling, method development
MeSH terms
Adult, Aged, Arousal, Circadian Rhythm, Dexamethasone, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Middle Aged, Pregnancy, Reference Values, Saliva, Stress, Psychological, Exercise

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