Cited by 1,233Health disparities and outcomesHealth, psychology, and well-beingCommunity Health and Development

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The Role of Social Relations in Health Promotion

Berkman, Lisa F.·1995·Psychosomatic Medicine

DOI 10.1097/00006842-199505000-00006

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Abstract

In considering new paradigms for the prevention and treatment of disease and disability, we need to incorporate ways to promote social support and develop family and community strengths and abilities into our interventions. There is now a substantial body of evidence that indicates that the extent to which social relationships are strong and supportive is related to the health of individuals who live within such social contexts. A review of population-based research on mortality risk over the last 20 years indicates that people who are isolated are at increased mortality risk from a number of causes. More recent studies indicate that social support is particularly related to survival postmyocardial infarction. The pathways that lead from such socioenvironmental exposures to poor health outcomes are likely to be multiple and include behavioral mechanisms and more direct physiologic pathways related to neuroendocrine or immunologic function. For social support to be health promoting, it must provide both a sense of belonging and intimacy and must help people to be more competent and self-efficacious. Acknowledging that health promotion rests on the shoulders not only of individuals but also of their families and communities means that we must commit resources over the next decade to designing, testing, and implementing interventions in this area.

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Validity Evidence for the Translated Version of the Personal Social Capital Scale Among People of Mexican Descent
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“After reviewing eight community-based studies conducted from 1975 to 1994 in Alameda County, California, Berkman (1995) observed that isolated individuals or “those who lack social ties were at increased risk of dying from ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular and circulatory disease, cancer,…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Correlation between kind of delivery and posttraumatic stress disorder
Dolatian, M., Mahmoodi, Z., Shaban, Z., Shams, J., Majd, H. A., & Mirabzadeh, A. (2016) · Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research · doi:10.4103/amhsr.amhsr_397_15 · Cited by 32
“360 Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research | Volume 6 | Issue 6 | November-December 2016 | support; that is to say, the individual’s intensity of reaction is lower in the presence of family and friends than when facing stress alone.[16,17] Social support acts as a buffer against stress and helps eliminate and…”
Social Inclusion Predicts Lower Blood Glucose and Low-Density Lipoproteins in Healthy Adults
Floyd, K., Veksler, A. E., McEwan, B. L., Hesse, C., Boren, J. P., Dinsmore, D. R., & Pavlich, C. A. (2016) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2016.1196423 · Cited by 31
“Similarly, Cacioppo et al. (2000) found that lonely young adults had higher morning levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)—a pituitary hormone that prompts cortisol release—than did non-lonely adults.”
Background
Living well in your local neighbourhood: The value of bumping and gathering places
Banwell, K., & Kingham, S. (2022) · Wellbeing Space and Society · doi:10.1016/j.wss.2022.100124 · Cited by 31
Social aggravation: Understanding the complex role of social relationships on stress and health-relevant physiology
Birmingham, W. C., & Holt‐Lunstad, J. (2018) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.03.023 · Cited by 34
The Validity of the Instrument to Evaluate Social Network in the Ageing Population: The Collaborative Research on Ageing in Europe Social Network Index
Zawisza, K., Gałaś, A., Tobiasz‐Adamczyk, B., Chatterji, S., Haro, J. M., Miret, M., Koskinen, S. V. P., Power, M., & Leonardi, M. (2013) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1860 · Cited by 32
Relações sociais e autopercepção da saúde: projeto envelhecimento e saúde
Nunes, A. P. N., Barreto, S. M., & Gonçalves, L. G. (2012) · Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia · doi:10.1590/s1415-790x2012000200019 · Cited by 31
Interpersonal Mistrust and Unhappiness Among Japanese People
Tokuda, Y., & Inoguchi, T. (2008) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-007-9235-y · Cited by 32
“Last, but not least, there is growing interest in psychosocial factors with positive attitudes, such as trust, optimism, and sociability, as determinants for happiness (Antonucci et al. 1997; Berkman 1995; Di Tella et al. 2003; Helliwell 2003).”
Background
Social Relationships and Their Role in the Consideration to Hasten Death
Schroepfer, T. A. (2008) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/48.5.612 · Cited by 31
“Social relationships, a key aspect in the end-of-life process, have a strong association with health outcomes (Berkman, 1995; House, Umberson, & Landis, 1988; Reynolds & Kaplan, 1990; Umberson, 1992) and with the consideration to hasten death (Arnold, 2004; Breitbart, Rosenfeld, & Passik, 1996;…”
Background
Health-Related Quality of Life in Older Coastal Residents After Multiple Disasters
Cherry, K. E., Sampson, L., Galea, S., Marks, L. D., Baudoin, K. H., Nezat, P. F., & Stanko, K. E. (2016) · Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness · doi:10.1017/dmp.2016.177 · Cited by 31
“Many epidemiological studies document the associations among social relations and health, a topic of interest in the scientific community for many years.(25,26) In this study, we conceptualized social engagement as an umbrella construct encompassing 2 social behaviors, namely, charitable work done for others and perce…”
Physiology and Interpersonal Relationships
Loving, T. J., Heffner, K. L., & Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511606632.022 · Cited by 31
Perceived social support in relation to work among Danish general dental practitioners in private practices
Berthelsen, H., Hjalmers, K., & Söderfeldt, B. (2008) · European Journal Of Oral Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0722.2007.00514.x · Cited by 31
“Berkman (34) states that for social support to be health promoting, it must provide both a sense of belonging and intimacy, and it must also help people to be more competent and self-efficacious.”
Background
A comparative analysis of paid leave for the health needs of workers and their families around the world
Earle, A., & Heymann, J. S. (2006) · Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis Research and Practice · doi:10.1080/13876980600858465 · Cited by 31
“Studies also indicate that family support can improve longevity (Berkman 1995, Seeman 2000) and support from friends can improve mental health outcomes among the elderly (Salokangas 1997, Jubb and Shanley 2002, Stanhope 2002).”
Background
Chronic stress down-regulates growth hormone gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of older adults
Malarkey, W. B., Wu, H., Cacioppo, J. T., Malarkey, K., Poehlmann, K. M., Glaser, R., & Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K. (1996) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/bf02738653 · Cited by 31
Gender specific associations between social network and health behavior in old age
Rennemark, M., & Hagberg, B. (1999) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607869956091 · Cited by 31
How social systems persist: learning to build a social network in an uncertain world
Kohn, G. M. (2019) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.06.006 · Cited by 30
The Social Provisions Scale: psychometric properties of the SPS-10 among participants in nature-based services
Steigen, A. M., & Bergh, D. (2018) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2018.1434689 · Cited by 30
“Also the relation between social support and physical and physiological health is well-documented [9].”
Background
Finding the Sweet Spot(s)
Paruthi, G., Raj, S., Colabianchi, N., Klasnja, P., & Newman, M. (2018) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3191761 · Cited by 30
“As noted by prior work [8], for some participants in our study having people to exercise with was a necessary motivation.”
Result
Measuring social networks cross-culturally
Adams, A. M., Madhavan, S., & Simon, D. (2005) · Social Networks · doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2005.07.007 · Cited by 30
“al., 1988; Berkman, 1995 ), and more recently, on the health and survival of ego’s children (Adams et al., 2002).”
Background
Factors influencing health-promoting behaviors in Korean breast cancer survivors
Yi, M., & Kim, J. (2012) · European Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2012.05.001 · Cited by 30
Systematic review of planned care transitions for persons with dementia
Ray, C. A., Ingram, V., & Cohen-Mansfield, J. (2015) · Neurodegenerative Disease Management · doi:10.2217/nmt.15.23 · Cited by 29
Autonomy support and diastolic blood pressure: Long term effects and conflict navigation in romantic relationships
Weinstein, N., Legate, N., Kumashiro, M., & Ryan, R. M. (2016) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-015-9526-6 · Cited by 33
“In two studies we examine the associations between receiving autonomy support in romantic relationships and diastolic blood pressure, an important indicator of cardiovascular health.”
Background
Chat Room Computer-Mediated Support on Health Issues for Aboriginal Women
Hoffman‐Goetz, L., & Donelle, L. (2007) · Health Care For Women International · doi:10.1080/07399330601180057 · Cited by 29
“Despite methodological challenges of social support research, evidence substantiates the relationship between the lack of supportive, caring relationships and the increased risk of all-cause mortality (Berkman, 1995; Callaghan & Morrissey, 1993).”
Background
Apolipoprotein E ∈4 Allele Affects the Relationship between Stress and Depression in Caregivers of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
Gallagher-Thompson, D. E., O'Hara, R. M., Simmons, A. N., KRAEMER, H. C., & Murphy, G. M. (2001) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/089198870101400303 · Cited by 29
Cookin’ Up Health: Developing a Nutrition Intervention for a Rural Appalachian Population
Tessaro, I. A., Rye, S., Parker, L., Trangsrud, K., Mangone, C., McCrone, S., & Leslie, N. S. (2006) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/1524839905278887 · Cited by 29
“An open-ended interview script informed by social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1986), the health belief model (Strecher & Rosenstock, 1997), and social support theory (Berkman, 1995) guided the focus group discussions.”
Method
On cognitive ecology and the environmental factors that promote Alzheimer disease: lessons from Octodon degus (Rodentia: Octodontidae)
Rivera, D. S., Inestrosa, N. C., & Bozinovic, F. (2016) · Biological Research · doi:10.1186/s40659-016-0074-7 · Cited by 31
“Furthermore, investigations of the role of the social environment in health promoting from the stand point of cognitive develop showed that increasing positive social interactions led to improve cognition and buffering against to stressors [112, 113].”
Background
Stress, coping, and social support in health and behavior.
Martin, P. D., & Brantley, P. J. (2004) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11589-007 · Cited by 29
THE POTENTIAL VALUE OF ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION INQUIRY AND MANAGEMENT
D, R. S. M., & Mulhall, J. P. (2003) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2003.tb10567.x · Cited by 29
Community development, user involvement, and primary health care
Fisher, B., Neve, H. A., & Héritage, Z. (1999) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.318.7186.749 · Cited by 29
“Conversely, lack of control, lack of self esteem, and poor social support contribute to increased morbidity.”
Background
Stress and Emotion in Early Childhood
Gunnar, M. R., & Davis, E. P. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei0605 · Cited by 31
Resilience as a protective factor in face of pain symptomatology, disability and psychological outcomes in adult chronic pain populations: a scoping review
Chng, Z., Yeo, J. J., & Joshi, A. (2022) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1515/sjpain-2021-0190 · Cited by 37
Towards healthy settings for people with intellectual disabilities
Anrooij, K. V., Naaldenberg, J., Hilgenkamp, T. I. M., Vaandrager, L., van der Velden, K., & Leusink, G. L. (2019) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daz054 · Cited by 28
Social Engagement, Health, and Changes in Occupational Status: Analysis of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA)
Min, J., Lee, K.-J., Park, J.-B., Cho, S., Park, S., & Min, K. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046500 · Cited by 28
“Social engagement is also related to health issues among older adults; the more social involvement, the lower the risk of mortality [14,22], disability [12–14,21–23], depressive symptoms [24,25], and loss of motor function [26].”
Background

Authors: Berkman, L. F.
Affiliations: Yale University (US)
Corresponding author: Berkman, Lisa F.
ORCID: Berkman, Lisa F.
Venue: Psychosomatic Medicine
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 1995
Volume: 57
Issue: 3
Pages: 245-254
ISSN: 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/00006842-199505000-00006
OpenAlex: W2066047381
Cited by: 1,233
References: 71
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 64 · 2012: 59
FWCI: 6.49
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (7r01ag011042-03)
National Institute on Aging (1P60 AG10469-01A1, R01 AG11042-01A1, P60AG010469)
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, psychology, and well-being
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Community Health and Development
Keywords: social support, interpersonal relationships, health promotion, social isolation, mortality risk, sense of belonging, self-efficacy, neuroendocrine pathways, behavioral mechanisms, disease prevention
MeSH terms: Disease Susceptibility, Health Promotion, Humans, Internal-External Control, Interpersonal Relations, Psychophysiologic Disorders, Risk Factors, Self Concept, Social Support, Health Behavior, Survival Rate

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The Role of Social Relations in Health Promotion

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