The Role of Social Relations in Health Promotion

“" Between 1979 with the Alameda County Study and 1994, there have been eight community-based prospective studies that reveal an association between what we have now come to call "social integration" and mortality rates, usually death from all causes (6-13).”

“…that the building and maintaining of social resources that includes relationships with others or the community at large is associated with better mental health, less disease and disability, and increased survival (Berkman, 1995; House, Landis, & Umberson, 1988; Ostir et al., 2003; Seeman, 1996).”

“…associations between health status and various psychosocial factors such as distrust, the quality of interpersonal relationships, participation in social events and membership of civic associations (Berkman, 1995; House, Landis, & Umberson, 1998; Kawachi, Kennedy, & Glass, 1999; McCulloch, 2001).”

“Social support related to exercise behavior may be instrumental, such as taking an older adult to exercise class; informational, such as sharing information about exercise programs or classes; emotional, such as calling a friend to see how their exercise program is progressing or to check and see if they have walked/e…”

“, individual psychotherapy, patient support groups, and multifamily interventions) (18).”

“20,21 Research has revealed that social support has an effect on an individual’s immune system, mortality risk, and survivability when faced with crises or serious illness.”

“Sense of belonging can be healthpromoting in communities that offer social support (Berkman, 1995).”

“3 To whom correspondence should be addressed at Box 2969, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710. mism (Scheier et al., 1989), sociability (Antonucci, Fuhrer, and Dartigues, 1997; Berkman, 1995), and religiousness (Oxman, Freeman, and Manheimer, 1995).”

“By contrast, those who report lower levels of social support have been shown to be associated with increased risk of dying prematurely from several causes of death (see, for example, Berkman 1995; Berkman and Kawachi 2000).”

“First, as a primary source of social support, marriage may protect against the well-documented risks associated with social isolation (e.g., Berkman, 1995; Berkman & Glass, 2000; Brummett et al., 2001).”

“Social connectedness extends the concept of social support to include the sense of belonging deemed necessary by Berkman (1995).”

“There is a direct positive relationship between social support and health, so higher levels of social support are linked to better overall health [49, 50].”

“, Baumann, Filipiak, Stieber, & Lowel, 1998; Berkman & Syme, 1979; Kaplan et al., 1988). Furthermore, several studies have suggested that the health benefits of marital quality are stronger among women than among men (e.g., Coyne et al., 2001; Rohrbaugh et al., 2006). This divergence has led to the hypothesis that whe…”

“Just as social networks have been found to be associated with individual health outcomes (Berkman, 1995), so might social capital be related to community health (Kawachi, Kennedy, Lochner, & Prothrow-Stith, 1997).”

“These relationships generate the bonds, extending from family and the interpersonal to wider networks of reciprocal attachment and affection that foster emotional growth, emotional and physical health, longevity. A widening range of physiological processes, cardiovascular perhaps most notably, are being associated wit…”

“, marriage, work, neighbors, friends, social groups, religious groups) are healthier and live longer than those who are not (Berkman, 1995; Cohen, 2004; Cohen, Gottlieb, & Underwood, 2000; Helgeson, Cohen, & Fritz, 1998; Seeman, 1996).”

“A good integration in social relations strengthens social competence and the capacity to cope with psychosocial stresses (Berkmann, 1995; Kolip & Lademann, 2006).”

“Indeed, the benefits arising from positive social relationships for adults are manifold and vital for physical and mental health (Berkman 1995; Biondi and Picardi 1996; House et al. 1988; Shear and Shair 2005; Uchino et al. 1996; Zisook et al. 1997).”

“Empirical findings in this tradition have consistently established the link between social relationships and health outcomes (e.g., Berkman, 1995; Cohen, Gottlieb, & Underwood, 2000; House, Umberson, & Landis, 1988).”

“…levels of social support are related to a number of negative physical health outcomes, such as an increased likelihood of having a second myocardial infarction (Pedersen, Van Domburg, & Larsen, 2004), poorer prognosis for cancer patients (Garssen, 2004) and higher mortality risks (Berkman, 1995).”

“Despite the appreciation that psychosocial factors are associated with morbidity and mortality in many illnesses, well-designed intervention studies are lacking (21).”

“Others have similarly suggested that those with higher social supports may be less likely to engage in harmful behaviors such as smoking than those with lower levels of social support.(15) Finally, social support may decrease risk of depression, which in turn is associated with enhanced health and pregnancy outcomes.”

“This is surprising considering social relationships have been linked to significant physical health outcomes including endpoints directly related to CHD (Berkman, 1995).”

“The association between social connectednesswith both our physical and mental health has been reflected in a number of studies on social capital (Berkman, 1995; Berkman & Syme, 2017; Fisher, Li, Michael, & Cleveland, 2004; House, Landis, & Umberson, 1988; Hystad & Carpiano, 2012; Kim & Kawachi,…”

“…and aberrant social interactions is important because epidemiological evidence highlights a key role for social relationships in health and disease, and suggests that more intimate, positive social affiliations may protect and prolong good health (Berkman, 1995; Kiecolt-Glaser & Newton, 2001).”

“In addition, an expanding research agenda on social relation/social support and epidemiological studies such as the Alameda County Study and its successors”

“The higher comorbidity associated with low social status could also contribute in reducing cancer survival; results concerning the association between low social support and lower survival for different chronic conditions, including cancer, are quite more consistent [47,48].”

“This research complements the social isolation literature which in turn highlights the negative effects that reduced social contact has on physical and mental health (Berkman, 1995) and the associated risk of ill health and mortality (HoltLunstad et al.”

“provide empathy, listen to others’ concerns) was proposed to be meaningful for coping with psychological strain and with diseases (Berkman, 1995; Buunk, 1990; Thoits, 1995).”

“Introduction Social relationships are vital for mental and physical wellbeing (Berkman, 1995; Biondi and Picardi, 1996; House et al., 1988; Uchino et al., 1996; Zisook et al., 1997).”

“The salience of high-quality familial ties Considerable research demonstrates the importance of supportive social ties in mitigating the potential harms that are linked to depression (Berkman, 1995; Blazer, 1982; Kawachi & Berkman, 2001).”

“Typically, studies find that connectedness is beneficial to individuals in general, not just at times when they are under stress (Berkman, 1995).”

“Health behaviors remain central to health and function to oldest ages, including physical [6,7], social [8,9], and cognitive activities [10,11], and social engagement [12,13].”

“The association between social relationships and health is well documented and has been a topic of interest in the scientific community for many years (Berkman, 1995; Burg & Seeman, 1994; House, Landis, & Umberson, 1988).”

“…& Umberson, 1988; Uchino, 2004); other studies have found that greater integration predicts increased survival from heart attacks (see reviews by Berkman, 1995; Seeman, 1996), less risk for cancer recurrence (see reviews by Helgeson, Fritz, & Cohen, 1998), less upper respiratory illness (Cohen,…”

“Fifth, although our exposure variable has been previously validated and is frequently used in the literature, the social integration index fails to capture a number of different aspects of social integration, such as relationship quality, degree of reciprocity, geographic proximity, or network density (67-73).”

“At the most microlevel, there are the influences on health associated with private life, such as the nature and quality of personal social support: intimate relationships, friendships, and the availability of personal help when needed (Berkman, 1995).”

“The quality and quantity of one’s social relationships have been reliably related to mental and physical health outcomes ( Berkman, 1995; Cohen,”

“Health communication research recognizes the role of communities in explaining social change (Arcury, Austin, Quandt, & Saavedra, 1999; Baum, 1999; Berkman, 1995; Bracht & Tsouros, 1990; Campbell & Jovchelovitch, 2000; Dube & Wilson, 1996; Dutta-Bergman, 2003; Kennedy, 2001; Rappaport, 1987) and…”

“There is strong epidemiological evidence linking social support to lower risk for coronary heart disease as well as for morbidity and mortality from all causes (Berkman, 1995; Cohen, S., 1988; House, Landis, & Umberson, 1988).”

“Intimacy is also linked with individual psychological and physical well-being (Berkman, 1995; Kiecolt- Glaser, & Newton, 2001; Reis & Franks, 1994).”

“The absence of social relationships has been shown to predict the likelihood of mortality from almost every cause (Berkman, 1995; Holt-Lunstad, Smith, & Layton, 2010).”

“The IPV-related health needs of more isolated South Asian women remain unknown, but are likely worse than those observed in the current study, given that IPV-related injuries (6) and poor health worsen with isolation (58, 59).”

“…hostility, cardiovascular reactivity, interpersonal circumplex Social isolation and low social support confer increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in initially healthy populations and are associated with recurrent coronary events among persons with established CHD (Berkman, 1995).”

“Loving and happy marriages have been found to be more effective than lower quality marriages for motivating regular medical check-ups and attention to healthrelated behavior (Berkman, 1995; Umberson, 1987; Wickrama, Lorenz, Conger, & Elder, 1997).”

“Older adults reporting a greater number of social ties have been shown to have lower mortality risks, and both social integration and social support have been associated with better mental and physical health outcomes (reviewed in Berkman 1995; Cohen & Herbert 1996; Seeman 1996).”

“Conversely, social isolation increases the risk of depression [75] and mortality [ 8 , 32].”

“Relationships are important for good psychosocial (Lerner, 2004; Lerner, Almerigi, Theokas, & Lerner, 2005; Maurizi, Grogan-Kaylor, Granillo, & Delva, 2013) and physical (Berkman, 1995; Holt-Lunstad, Smith, & Layton, 2010) health.”

“Despite some differences in the definition of social engagement, interaction, and networks and what they are measuring, the results of this study are consistent with findings from community-based studies [5–11] and institution-based studies on various resident populations [2–4].”

“…social relationships have been observed across a wide range of physiological and mental health outcomes, with research particularly highlighting the importance of high-quality intimate social interactions (Berkman, 1995; Karelina and DeVries, 2011; Kawachi and Berkman, 2001; Ryff and Singer, 2000).”

“Berkman (5) has reviewed population-based research on mortality risk over the last 20 years which indicates that people who are isolated are at increased mortality risk from a number of causes.”

“Well-developed interpersonal relationships are likely to provide individuals with a sense of belonging (Berkman, 1995; Ryan & Deci, 2001), help them feel more efficacious (Berkman, 1995), and promote emotional sharing (Ryff & Singer, 2000), including sharing negative experiences (Pennebaker, 1993), which in turn is li…”

“To emphasize the maximum potential effect of SE on mortality, we also calculated the risk ratio comparing the minimal value (0) with the maximal value (6), that is, representing no engagement to maximal engagement.”

“The importance of these findings is magnified by the fact that both depression (9, 47) and social support (38, 48-50) have been shown repeatedly to predict survival in CAD patients.”

“[63] Studies have shown a significant relationship between health and social support, so people who receive higher social support have better health.[64,65] Some studies have shown that social support leads to the improvement in health functions and even immunity performance.”

“represent diverse agendas waiting for connection to biomedical studies, where their health-promoting effects can be fully investigated.Perhaps the most extensive documentation of salubrious effects following from the social realm pertains to social relationships/social support and health. Epidemiological studies have…”

“A number of studies have found that emotionally supportive relationships have implications for survival among people with cardiovascular diseases and postmyocardial infarction (Berkman & Glass, 2000; Bosma et al., 1997). Moreover, there is considerable evidence that an absence of social support is associated with psyc…”