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Cited by 51Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychosomatic Disorders and Their TreatmentsNeuroscience of respiration and sleep

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Voluntary Breath Holding in Panic and Generalized Anxiety Disorders

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Roth, Walton T., Wilhelm, Frank H., Trabert, Werner·1998·Psychosomatic Medicine
DOI 10.1097/00006842-199811000-00004
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Abstract

Objective Because breath holding causes arterial pCO2 to increase, we used it to test the hypothesis that in panic disorder (PD) a biological suffocation monitor is pathologically sensitive. Method Nineteen patients with PD, 17 with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and 22 normal controls took deep breaths on signal and held them until a release signal was given 30 seconds later. This was repeated 12 times separated by 60-second normal breathing periods. Results PD patients reported having had in the past more symptoms of shortness of breath when anxious, and more frequent frightening suffocation experiences than the other groups. However, increases in self-rated anxiety between periods of normal breathing and periods of breath holding were similar in all three groups. Skin conductance, blood pressure, and T-wave amplitude reactions to breath holdings were also similar, but heart rate acceleration upon taking a deep breath was greater in GAD patients. Before and after individual breath holdings, end-tidal pCO2 was lower in PD patients than in normal controls; GAD patients were intermediate. Inspiratory flow rate did not differ between groups. Conclusions Our physiological results provide no direct support for an overly sensitive suffocation alarm system in PD. Lower pCO2 may be due to anxiety causing hyperventilation in patients prone to panic.

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Crossref · 10.1097/00006842-199811000-00004

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  • Breath-holding has been shown to lead to anxiety and/or panic symptoms, although its specificity to panic is debated.

    “Breath-holding has been shown to lead to anxiety and/or panic symptoms, although its specificity to panic is debated (see e.g., Asmundsen & Stein, 1994; Nardi et al., 2008; Roth et al. et al., 1998).”

    From The psychophysiology of blood-injection-injury phobia: Looking beyond the diphasic response paradigm (2010) · cites this paper as Roth et al. et al., 1998

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Metadata

Authors
Roth, W. T., Wilhelm, F. H., & Trabert, W.
Affiliations
  • VA Palo Alto Health Care System (US)
  • Stanford Medicine (US)
ORCID
Wilhelm, Frank H.
Venue
Psychosomatic Medicine
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
1998
Volume
60
Issue
6
Pages
671-679
ISSN
0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1097/00006842-199811000-00004
OpenAlex
W2009680025
Cited by
51
References
5
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
FWCI
4.67
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • edoc (University of Basel) (acceptedVersion)
  • edoc (University of Basel)
Funders
National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH056094)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
Keywords
panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, arterial PCO2, end-tidal PCO2, hyperventilation, dyspnea, heart rate, skin conductance, blood pressure, T-wave amplitude, inspiratory flow rate
MeSH terms
Adult, Analysis of Variance, Anxiety Disorders, Apnea, Arousal, Asphyxia, Carbon Dioxide, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Panic, Pulmonary Ventilation, Panic Disorder

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