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Cited by 43Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychosomatic Disorders and Their TreatmentsNeuroscience of respiration and sleep

Respiratory, autonomic, and experiential responses to repeated inhalations of 20% CO2 enriched air in panic disorder, social phobia, and healthy controls

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Blechert, Jens, Wilhelm, Frank H., Meuret, Alicia E., Wilhelm, Eva M., Roth, Walton T.·2010·Biological Psychology
DOI 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.01.002PMC PMC2891596
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Abstract

Inhalation of carbon dioxide (CO₂) enriched air triggers anxiety in panic disorder (PD) patients, which is often interpreted as a sign of biological vulnerability. However, most studies have not measured respiration in these tasks. We compared patients with PD (n=20) and social phobia (SP, n=19) to healthy controls (n=18) during eight inhalations of 20% CO₂, preceded and followed by two inhalations of room air, while continuously measuring subjective anxiety and dyspnea as well as autonomic and respiratory variables. PD patients showed increased reactivity and delayed recovery during CO₂ inhalations for most measures. Unlike both other groups, the PD group's tidal volume responses did not habituate across CO₂ inhalations. However, PD patients did not differ from SP patients on most other measures, supporting a continuum model of CO₂ sensitivity across anxiety disorders. Both patient groups showed continued reactivity during the last air inhalations, which is unlikely to be due to a biological sensitivity.

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  • People with PD/A more often fear tasks that provoke panic-like sensations.

    “In addition, they are more likely to fear procedures that elicit panic sensations (Antony, Ledley, Liss, & Swinson, 2006; Blechert, Wilhelm, Meuret, Wilhelm, & Roth, 2010; Gorman et al., 1994; Jacob, Furman, Clark, & Durrant, 1992; Perna, Bertani, Arancio, Ronchi, & Bellodi, 1995; Rapee, 1986).”

    From Coping Skills and Exposure Therapy in Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia: Latest Advances and Future Directions (2012) · cites this paper as Blechert et al., 2010

    The Results (Ratings of anxiety and dyspnea; page unavailable) show greater anxiety reactivity during CO2 inhalation in the panic-disorder group than in healthy controls. The Discussion also describes possible anxiety responses to cues associated with the inhalation task. The paper does not establish that people with panic disorder and agoraphobia are more likely to fear panic-provoking procedures generally; it studies responses to one laboratory challenge in patients identified as having panic disorder. (LLM, conf=0.83)

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Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Blechert J Wilhelm FH Meuret AE Roth WT (submitted) CO2 sensitivity and respiratory conditionability in individuals with elevated anxiety sensitivity Journal of Anxiety Disorders

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Authors
Blechert, J., Wilhelm, F. H., Meuret, A. E., Wilhelm, E. M., & Roth, W. T.
Affiliations
  • University of Basel (CH)
  • Southern Methodist University (US)
  • United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
Corresponding author
Wilhelm, Frank H.
ORCID
Venue
Biological Psychology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2010-04
Volume
84
Issue
1
Pages
104-111
ISSN
0301-0511 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.01.002
PMC
PMC2891596
OpenAlex
W2023419560
Cited by
43
References
61
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 5
FWCI
5.83
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Biological Psychology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
  • Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (105311)
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH056094)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
Keywords
panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, carbon dioxide inhalation, CO2 sensitivity, anxiety, dyspnea, tidal volume, autonomic reactivity, habituation, respiratory response, biological vulnerability
MeSH terms
Administration, Inhalation, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Anxiety, Autonomic Nervous System, Carbon Dioxide, Dyspnea, Electrocardiography, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Phobic Disorders, Respiration, Tidal Volume, Panic Disorder

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