The DOI matches its Crossref record; 40 of the 40 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Association of Depression and Diabetes Complications: A Meta-Analysis
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine the strength and consistency of the relationship between depression and diabetes complications in studies of type 1 and type 2 adult patients with diabetes. METHOD: MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases were searched for articles examining depression and diabetes complications in type 1 and type 2 diabetes samples published between 1975 and 1999. Meta-analytic procedures were used. Studies were reviewed for diabetes type, sample size, statistical tests, and measures of diabetes complications and depression. Significance values, weighted effect sizes r, 95% confidence intervals (CI), and tests of homogeneity of variance were calculated for the overall sample (k = 27) and for subsets of interest. RESULTS: A total of 27 studies (total combined N = 5374) met the inclusion criteria. A significant association was found between depression and complications of diabetes (p < .00001, z = 5.94). A moderate and significant weighted effect size (r = 0.25; 95% CI: 0.22-0.28) was calculated for all studies reporting sufficient data (k = 22). Depression was significantly associated with a variety of diabetes complications (diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, macrovascular complications, and sexual dysfunction). Effect sizes were in the small to moderate range (r = 0.17 to 0.32). CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate a significant and consistent association of diabetes complications and depressive symptoms. Prospective, longitudinal studies are needed to identify the pathways that mediate this association.
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“27 cross-sectional studies ( n = 5374) | Depression | *Depression associated with retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, sexual dysfunction and macrovascular complications. Effect size small to moderate ( r = 0.17-0.32).”
From Type 2 diabetes mellitus and psychological stress — a modifiable risk factor (2017) · cites this paper as De Groot (2001) 140
In the citing paper
“Depressed patients with a chronic medical illness are usually sicker than their counterparts37–46 and have lower treatment adherence.37,47–51”
From Anxiety and Depression in COPD (2008) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“risk for diabetes complications (3)”
From Depression in diabetes: have we been missing something important? (2011) · cites this paper as [3]
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“These metabolic changes also contribute to more insulin resistance and diabetes among depressed subjects, and a higher frequency of diabetic complications ( 59 ).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- de Groot, M., Anderson, R., Freedland, K. E., Clouse, R. E., & Lustman, P. J.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Venue
- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Published
- 2001-07
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 619-630
- ISSN
- 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2080312294
- Cited by
- 1,799
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 81 · 2018: 83 · 2017: 85 · 2016: 119 · 2015: 107 · 2014: 122 · 2013: 98 · 2012: 111
- FWCI
- 3.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01dk053060-05)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T32HL007456, 5 T32 HL07456-18)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK-36452, DK53060, R01DK036452)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- depression, diabetes complications, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, macrovascular complications, sexual dysfunction, depressive symptoms
- MeSH terms
- Depressive Disorder, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diabetic Angiopathies, Diabetic Nephropathies, Diabetic Neuropathies, Diabetic Retinopathy, Humans, Risk Factors, Sick Role, Comorbidity
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