The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Sex Differences in Glucocorticoid Sensitivity of Proinflammatory Cytokine Production After Psychosocial Stress
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Men and women show marked differences in susceptibility to disorders related to the immune system. These gender differences have been proposed to be mediated by functional interactions of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axes. A potential mechanism involved in this interaction is the glucocorticoid (GC) sensitivity of relevant target tissues for GC. Therefore, the aim of the study reported here was to investigate the impact of psychosocial stress and HPA axis activation on the GC sensitivity of proinflammatory cytokine production in men and women. METHODS: A total of 45 healthy subjects were investigated. Eighteen women in the luteal phase of their menstrual cycle and 27 men were exposed to a psychosocial stress test (Trier Social Stress Test). Salivary free cortisol levels were measured repeatedly after exposure to the stressor. GC sensitivity was assessed in vitro by dexamethasone inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated production of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. RESULTS: The stress test induced significant increases in salivary free cortisol with no significant differences between men and women. In contrast, GC sensitivity and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cytokine production showed large gender differences. In men GC sensitivity was markedly increased 1 hour after stress, whereas GC sensitivity decreased significantly in women. Similarly, lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine production decreased in response to stress in men but increased in women. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that despite similar free cortisol responses of men and women (studied in the luteal phase) to psychosocial stress, gender may exert differential effects on the immune system by modulating GC sensitivity of proinflammatory cytokine production.
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“In both of these latter studies, however, the effects of acute stress on glucocorticoid resistance were confined to women, highlighting a need for additional research on this topic.”
From From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: A social signal transduction theory of depression. (2014) · cites this paper as Rohleder, Schommer, Hellhammer, Engel, & Kirschbaum, 2001
In the citing paper
“In general, among the studies that used the TSST as a form of mental stress to activate the HPA axis, there seems to be some agreement that when under stress, cortisol increases are greater in the luteal phase relative to the other phases in women who are not taking OC (e.g., Kudielka et al., 2009; Rohleder et al., 2001; Rohleder et al., 2003; Schoof and Wolf, 2009).”
From The relationship between the menstrual cycle and cortisol secretion: Daily and stress-invoked cortisol patterns (2018) · cites this paper as Rohleder et al., 2001
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Cites
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Self-citationKirschbaum, C., Kudielka, B. M., Gaab, J., Schommer, N. C., & Hellhammer, D. H. (1999) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199903000-00006 · Cited by 1,890 · cited 1×
“with menstrual cycle phase, with blunted responses in the follicular phase and increased responses similar to those of men in the late luteal phase ( 24 ).”
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Self-citationConsistent sex differences in cortisol responses to psychological stress.
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Dickerson, S. S., & Kemeny, M. E. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.355 · Cited by 5,881
Psychological stress and the human immune system: a meta-analytic study of 30 Years of inquiry
Segerstrom, S. C., & Miller, G. E. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.4.601 · Cited by 3,334
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Metadata
- Authors
- Rohleder, N., Schommer, N. C., Hellhammer, D. H., Engel, R., & Kirschbaum, C.
- Affiliations
- Universität Trier (DE)
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (DE)
- Venue
- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Published
- 2001-11
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 966-972
- ISSN
- 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2326396329
- Cited by
- 276
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 4.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Keywords
- sex differences, glucocorticoid sensitivity, psychosocial stress, inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6, TNF-α, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, salivary cortisol, lipopolysaccharide stimulation, Trier Social Stress Test, luteal phase
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Dexamethasone, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Male, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Sex Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Body Mass Index, Cytokines
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