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Cited by 659Pain Mechanisms and TreatmentsTryptophan and brain disordersPain Management and Treatment

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Immune activation: the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in inflammation, illness responses and pathological pain states

Watkins, Linda R., Maier, Steven F., Goehler, Lisa E.·1995·Pain
DOI 10.1016/0304-3959(95)00186-7
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Abstract

It has recently become accepted that the activated immune system communicates to brain via release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This review examines the possibility that pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukins and/or tumor necrosis factor) mediate a variety of commonly studied hyperalgesic states. We will first briefly review basic immune responses and inflammation. We will then develop the concept of illness responses and provide evidence for their existence and for the dramatic changes in neural functioning that they cause. Lastly, we will examine the potential roles that both pro-inflammatory cytokines and the neural circuits that they activate may play in the hyperalgesic states produced by irritants, inflammatory agents, and nerve damage. The possibility is raised that apparently diverse hyperalgesic states may converge in the central nervous system and activate similar or identical neural circuitry.

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Metadata

Authors
Watkins, L. R., Maier, S. F., & Goehler, L. E.
Affiliations
University of Colorado Boulder (US)
Corresponding author
Watkins, Linda R.
ORCID
Venue
Pain
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
1995-12
Volume
63
Issue
3
Pages
289-302
ISSN
0304-3959 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/0304-3959(95)00186-7
OpenAlex
W2016748877
Cited by
659
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 30
FWCI
3.79
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Pain (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (5r01mh045045-12, 5r01ns031569-03)
  • National Institute of Mental Health (MH-45045)
  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS31569)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
Keywords
inflammatory cytokines, immune activation, hyperalgesia, interleukins, TNF-α, neuroimmune interactions, pathological pain, neural circuits, inflammatory pain, nerve injury
MeSH terms
Animals, Humans, Hyperalgesia, Immune System, Inflammation, Pain, Cytokines

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