Impact of the renin-angiotensin system on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review is intended to provide an update of the impact of the renin-angiotensin system on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and of its relationship with adipose-tissue and skeletal muscle activities. RECENT FINDINGS: The components of the renin-angiotensin system are fully represented in the adipose tissue and appear to be upregulated in obesity--a condition associated with enhanced circulating angiotensinogen levels. The local renin-angiotensin system plays a role in adipocyte differentiation and possibly in body-fat accumulation. In humans, angiotensin II produced by mature adipocytes appears to inhibit the differentiation of adipocyte precursors, thus decreasing the percentage of small insulin-sensitive adipocytes. In turn, the lipid-storage capacity of adipose tissue could become reduced and triglycerides might accumulate in liver and skeletal muscle, contributing to insulin resistance. Randomized controlled trials indicating that pharmacological renin-angiotensin system blockade improves insulin sensitivity and reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes are in keeping with this possibility. The local renin-angiotensin system in skeletal muscle may affect exercise performance and the individual response to different types of muscular performance. The concept that the local renin-angiotensin system plays a role in body-fat storage and in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism is further supported by genetic studies showing that susceptibility to weight gain and possibly insulin resistance is greater in individuals carrying certain renin-angiotensin system allelic variants associated with alterations in systemic and local angiotensinogen levels and angiotensin-converting enzyme activity. SUMMARY: In summary, the aforementioned data imply that the renin-angiotensin system plays a substantial role in obesity, insulin resistance and the associated increase in blood pressure.
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The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system induces insulin resistance on local and systemic levels, which explains why therapies that interfere with the RAAS reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
“Apart from its major function of sodium and water retention, the RAAS was found to induce insulin resistance on local and systemic levels, which explains why therapies that interfere with the RAAS reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus [71-73].”
From Interaction of the endocrine system with inflammation: a function of energy and volume regulation (2014) · cites this paper as [73]
Angiotensin II, a major hormone of the RAAS, supports re-allocation of energy-rich fuels and calcium/phosphorus to an activated immune system.
“Thus, similar to the SNS with its major neurotransmitters noradrenaline/adrenaline, angiotensin II, a major hormone of the RAAS, supports re-allocation of energy-rich fuels and calcium/phosphorus to an activated immune system.”
From Interaction of the endocrine system with inflammation: a function of energy and volume regulation (2014) · cites this paper as [73]
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Interaction of the endocrine system with inflammation: a function of energy and volume regulation
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“effects of the RAAS on systemic energy regulation and bone metabolism are similar to effects of the SNS [73].”
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- Authors
- Strazzullo, P., & Galletti, F.
- Affiliations
- Federico II University Hospital (IT)
- University of Naples Federico II (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Strazzullo, Pasquale
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension
- Published
- 2004-05
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 325-332
- ISSN
- 1062-4821 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2037561474
- Cited by
- 70
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 1.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Nephrology & Hypertension (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Renin-Angiotensin System Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Disease and Adiposity
- Keywords
- renin-angiotensin system, local renin-angiotensin system, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, angiotensin II, adipogenesis, angiotensinogen, angiotensin-converting enzyme, lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, exercise performance
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Fats, Humans, Hypertension, Insulin Resistance, Obesity, Renin-Angiotensin System, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Muscle, Skeletal
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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